Week 10 Flashcards
Most common signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
Pulmonary disease is associated with many signs and symptoms, the most common of which are dyspnea and cough.
Other common signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
Others include abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, altered breathing patterns, hypoventilation and hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing, and chest pain.
Dyspnea
Dyspnea is a subjective experience of breathing discomfort.
It is often described as breathlessness, air hunger, shortness of breath, labored breathing, and preoccupation with breathing.
The most severe signs of dyspnea
Flaring of the nostrils and use of accessory muscles of respiration
Most common signs of severe dyspnea in children
Retraction
Retraction
Retraction (pulling back) of the supracostal or intercostal muscles may occur in children but is uncommon in adults.
When does dyspnea first present itself? What is it called?
Dyspnea often first presents during exercise and is called dyspnea on exertion.
Orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat, which causes the abdominal contents to exert pressure on the diaphragm.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
occurs when individuals with pulmonary or cardiac disease awake at night, gasping for air, and have to sit or stand to relieve the dyspnea.
Cough
Cough is a protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration.
What initiates cough reflex?
Inhaled particles, accumulated mucus, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign body initiates the cough reflex by stimulating the irritant receptors in the airway.
How is the cough reflex initiated?
a foreign body initiates the cough reflex by stimulating the irritant receptors in the airway.
Cough reflex consists of:
The cough reflex consists of inspiration, closure of the glottis and vocal cords, contraction of the expiratory muscles, and reopening of the glottis, causing a sudden, forceful expiration that removes the offending matter.
Quality of sputum to monitor
Changes in the amount, color, and consistency of sputum provide information about the cause and progression of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.
Hemoptysis
is the coughing up of blood or bloody secretions.
Qualities of blood produced with coughing
Blood produced with coughing is usually bright red, has an alkaline pH, and is mixed with frothy sputum.
Hemoptysis usually indicates
Hemoptysis usually indicates infection or inflammation that damages the bronchi or the lung parenchyma.
What is used to confirm the site of bleeding when hemoptysis occurs?
Chest imaging, often combined with bronchoscopy, is used to confirm the site of bleeding.
Eupnea
Normal breathing (eupnea) is rhythmic and effortless.
Strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis induces
Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea),
Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea),
characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate and very large tidal volumes.
Labored breathing
increased work of breathing
What are typical signs of large airway obstruction?
Slow ventilatory rate
Large tidal volume
Increased effort
Prolonged inspiration and expiration
Stridor or audible wheezing
Example disease of small airway obstruction
Asthma
COPD