Week 1 Pathopharm lecture

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

Perceived or anticipated threat that disrupts a person’s well-being or homeostasis

Question 2

Walter B Cannon

Answer 2

“Fight or Flight”

Question 3

“Fight or Flight”

Answer 3

Describes body’s preparation to deal with stress

Question 4

Hans Selye

Answer 4

Made General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Said physiologic stress involved three things

Question 5

What are the three things Hans Selye said was involved with physiologic stress:

Answer 5

1. Enlargement of the adrenal gland
2. Decreased lymphocyte levels
3. Development of bleeding ulcer

Question 6

How would the development of bleeding ulcers occur in times of physiologic stress?

Answer 6

Because in times of stress, the maintenance of parts including the stomach lining and GI tract are effected

Question 7

Why does the enlargement of adrenal glands occur during times of stress?

Answer 7

Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands, so much so that the adrenal glands get enlarged

Question 8

Why does decreased lymphocyte levels occur in times of stress?

Answer 8

Because everyone is at risk for infection when stressed

Question 9

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 9

By Hans

idea that physiologic stress impairs ability to resist future stressors

Question 10

Three Stages of GAS

Answer 10

1. Alarm Stage

2.Resistance/adaptation Stage

3. Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)

Question 11

Another name for exhaustion stage?

Answer 11

Allostatic overload

Question 12

Cortisol:

Answer 12

regulates arousal, cognition
mood
sleep
metabolism
cardiovascular tone
growth
reproduction
affects protein metabolism

Question 13

What does cortisol stimulate?

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Chronic, abnormal elevations of cortisol may cause:

Answer 14

obesity, sleep deprivation, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
loss of bone density

Question 15

Central Nervous System includes:

Answer 15

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 16

Peripheral Nervous System includes

Answer 16

1. Somatic Motor System
2. Autonomic Nervous System

Question 17

Autonomic Nervous System includes:

Answer 17

1. Parasympathetic/cholinergic/rest and digest (acetylcholine)
2. Sympathetic/adrenergic/ fight or flight (catecholamine)

Question 18

Function of the ANS

Answer 18

1. Regulate the heart
2. Regulate the secretory glands
3. Regulate smooth muscles

Question 19

Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 19

Receptors that mediate response to acetylcholine

Question 20

Where are responses cholinergic receptors mediated?

Answer 20

Cholinergic receptors mediate responses at all junctions where acetylcholine is the transmitter

Question 21

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 21

Receptor that mediates response to epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

Where are responses of adrenergic receptors mediated?

Answer 22

Adrenergic responses are mediated at junctions where norepinephrine or epinephrine are the transmitter

Question 23

What is the transmitter employed the most at most junctions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Question 24

Acetylcholine is release by (five answers):

Answer 24

1. All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
2. All preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
3. All postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic neurons that go to sweat glands
4. All motor neurons to skeletal muscles

Question 25

Two classes of receptors in the SNS

Answer 25

1. Alpha adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1 and Alpha 2) 2. Beta adrenergic receptors (Beta 1 and Beta 2)

Question 26

Alpha 1 receptor

Answer 26

Vasoconstriction Increase Peripheral Resistance (blood flow) Increase Blood Pressure Mydriasis Increase Closure Bladder Sphincters

Question 27

Alpha 2 Receptor

Answer 27

Inhibits Acetylcholine Inhibits Norepinephrine Inhibits Insulin Release (slows things down)

Question 28

Beta 1 Receptor

Answer 28

Increase heart rate Increase Myocardial contractability Increase Lipolysis Increase Renin (increases rate of transmission)

Question 29

Beta 2 Receptor

Answer 29

Increase vasodilation Decrease peripheral resistance Bronchodilation** Increase Glycogenolysis (muscle, liver) Increase Glucagon Release Relaxes Uterine Smooth Muscle

Question 30

Most important thing to remember about Alpha 1 receptor

Answer 30

Vasoconstriction

Question 31

Most important thing to remember about Beta 1 receptor

Answer 31

Increase Heart Rate Increase Myocardial Contractibility

Question 32

Most important thing to remember about Beta 2 receptor

Answer 32

Bronchodilation

Question 33

Catecholamines include:

Answer 33

Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

Question 34

Chronic stress-induced release of norepinephrine may cause: three things

Answer 34

1. Plaque formation in blood vessels 2. Myocardial infarction, stroke 3. "Sickness syndrome"

Question 35

Catecholamine as medication acts in two ways

Answer 35

1. Sympathomimetrics 2. Sympathetic agonist

Question 36

Sympathomimetrics

Answer 36

drugs that mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 37

Sympathetic agonist

Answer 37

???????

Question 38

Two major subtypes of cholinergic receptors

Answer 38

1. Nicotinic 2. Muscarinic

Question 39

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors three main types:

Answer 39

1. M1 2. M2 3. M3

Question 40

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 3 main types:

Answer 40

1. Nm 2. Nn 3. Ng (usually classified with Nn)

Question 41

M1 stimulates what

Answer 41

CNS Salivary Gland Parietal cells

Question 42

Stimulation of M1 causes

Answer 42

Increase in: CNS excitation Memory Locomotor activity Gastric acid secretion

Question 43

M2 stimulates what

Answer 43

Heart

Question 44

Stimulation of M2 causes

Answer 44

Decrease in: rate force AV conduction

Question 45

M3 stimulates what

Answer 45

Exocrine glands Smooth Muscles

Question 46

Stimulation of M3 causes

Answer 46

All smooth muscle contraction except vasodilation Glandular secretion

Question 47

Nn stimulates what

Answer 47

CNS adrenal medula

Question 48

Stimulation of Nn

Answer 48

CNS excitation Release of adrenaline

Question 49

Ng stimulates what

Answer 49

Autonomic ganglia

Question 50

Stimulation of Ng causes

Answer 50

Ganglionic transmission

Question 51

Nm stimulates what

Answer 51

Skeletal muscle

Question 52

Nm stimulates what

Answer 52

Skeletal muscle contraction