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PATHO/PHARM I > Week 1 Pathopharm lecture > Flashcards

Week 1 Pathopharm lecture Flashcards

flashcards based on lecture notes

1
Q

Stress

A

Perceived or anticipated threat that disrupts a person’s well-being or homeostasis

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2
Q

Walter B Cannon

A

“Fight or Flight”

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3
Q

“Fight or Flight”

A

Describes body’s preparation to deal with stress

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4
Q

Hans Selye

A

Made General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Said physiologic stress involved three things

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5
Q

What are the three things Hans Selye said was involved with physiologic stress:

A
  1. Enlargement of the adrenal gland
  2. Decreased lymphocyte levels
  3. Development of bleeding ulcer
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6
Q

How would the development of bleeding ulcers occur in times of physiologic stress?

A

Because in times of stress, the maintenance of parts including the stomach lining and GI tract are effected

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7
Q

Why does the enlargement of adrenal glands occur during times of stress?

A

Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands, so much so that the adrenal glands get enlarged

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8
Q

Why does decreased lymphocyte levels occur in times of stress?

A

Because everyone is at risk for infection when stressed

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9
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

By Hans

idea that physiologic stress impairs ability to resist future stressors

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10
Q

Three Stages of GAS

A
  1. Alarm Stage

2.Resistance/adaptation Stage

  1. Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
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11
Q

Another name for exhaustion stage?

A

Allostatic overload

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12
Q

Cortisol:

A

regulates arousal, cognition
mood
sleep
metabolism
cardiovascular tone
growth
reproduction
affects protein metabolism

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13
Q

What does cortisol stimulate?

A

gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

Chronic, abnormal elevations of cortisol may cause:

A

obesity, sleep deprivation, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
loss of bone density

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15
Q

Central Nervous System includes:

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System includes

A
  1. Somatic Motor System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
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17
Q

Autonomic Nervous System includes:

A
  1. Parasympathetic/cholinergic/rest and digest (acetylcholine)
  2. Sympathetic/adrenergic/ fight or flight (catecholamine)
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18
Q

Function of the ANS

A
  1. Regulate the heart
  2. Regulate the secretory glands
  3. Regulate smooth muscles
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19
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Receptors that mediate response to acetylcholine

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20
Q

Where are responses cholinergic receptors mediated?

A

Cholinergic receptors mediate responses at all junctions where acetylcholine is the transmitter

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21
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Receptor that mediates response to epinephrine and norepinephrine

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22
Q

Where are responses of adrenergic receptors mediated?

A

Adrenergic responses are mediated at junctions where norepinephrine or epinephrine are the transmitter

23
Q

What is the transmitter employed the most at most junctions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

24
Q

Acetylcholine is release by (five answers):

A
  1. All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
  2. All preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
  3. All postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic neurons that go to sweat glands
  4. All motor neurons to skeletal muscles
25
Q

Two classes of receptors in the SNS

A
  1. Alpha adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1 and Alpha 2)
  2. Beta adrenergic receptors (Beta 1 and Beta 2)
26
Q

Alpha 1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction

Increase Peripheral Resistance (blood flow)

Increase Blood Pressure

Mydriasis

Increase Closure Bladder Sphincters

27
Q

Alpha 2 Receptor

A

Inhibits Acetylcholine

Inhibits Norepinephrine

Inhibits Insulin Release

(slows things down)

28
Q

Beta 1 Receptor

A

Increase heart rate

Increase Myocardial contractability

Increase Lipolysis

Increase Renin

(increases rate of transmission)

29
Q

Beta 2 Receptor

A

Increase vasodilation

Decrease peripheral resistance

Bronchodilation**

Increase Glycogenolysis (muscle, liver)

Increase Glucagon Release

Relaxes Uterine Smooth Muscle

30
Q

Most important thing to remember about Alpha 1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction

31
Q

Most important thing to remember about Beta 1 receptor

A

Increase Heart Rate

Increase Myocardial Contractibility

32
Q

Most important thing to remember about Beta 2 receptor

A

Bronchodilation

33
Q

Catecholamines include:

A

Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

34
Q

Chronic stress-induced release of norepinephrine may cause: three things

A
  1. Plaque formation in blood vessels
  2. Myocardial infarction, stroke
  3. “Sickness syndrome”
35
Q

Catecholamine as medication acts in two ways

A
  1. Sympathomimetrics
  2. Sympathetic agonist
36
Q

Sympathomimetrics

A

drugs that mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

Sympathetic agonist

A

???????

38
Q

Two major subtypes of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic
  2. Muscarinic
39
Q

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors three main types:

A
  1. M1
  2. M2
  3. M3
40
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 3 main types:

A
  1. Nm
  2. Nn
  3. Ng (usually classified with Nn)
41
Q

M1 stimulates what

A

CNS

Salivary Gland

Parietal cells

42
Q

Stimulation of M1 causes

A

Increase in:

CNS excitation
Memory
Locomotor activity
Gastric acid secretion

43
Q

M2 stimulates what

A

Heart

44
Q

Stimulation of M2 causes

A

Decrease in:

rate

force

AV conduction

45
Q

M3 stimulates what

A

Exocrine glands

Smooth Muscles

46
Q

Stimulation of M3 causes

A

All smooth muscle contraction except

vasodilation

Glandular secretion

47
Q

Nn stimulates what

A

CNS

adrenal medula

48
Q

Stimulation of Nn

A

CNS excitation

Release of adrenaline

49
Q

Ng stimulates what

A

Autonomic ganglia

50
Q

Stimulation of Ng causes

A

Ganglionic transmission

51
Q

Nm stimulates what

A

Skeletal muscle

52
Q

Nm stimulates what

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

53
Q
A

PATHO/PHARM I (28 decks)

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