Week 1 Pathopharm lecture Flashcards
flashcards based on lecture notes
Stress
Perceived or anticipated threat that disrupts a person’s well-being or homeostasis
Walter B Cannon
“Fight or Flight”
“Fight or Flight”
Describes body’s preparation to deal with stress
Hans Selye
Made General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Said physiologic stress involved three things
What are the three things Hans Selye said was involved with physiologic stress:
- Enlargement of the adrenal gland
- Decreased lymphocyte levels
- Development of bleeding ulcer
How would the development of bleeding ulcers occur in times of physiologic stress?
Because in times of stress, the maintenance of parts including the stomach lining and GI tract are effected
Why does the enlargement of adrenal glands occur during times of stress?
Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands, so much so that the adrenal glands get enlarged
Why does decreased lymphocyte levels occur in times of stress?
Because everyone is at risk for infection when stressed
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
By Hans
idea that physiologic stress impairs ability to resist future stressors
Three Stages of GAS
- Alarm Stage
2.Resistance/adaptation Stage
- Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
Another name for exhaustion stage?
Allostatic overload
Cortisol:
regulates arousal, cognition
mood
sleep
metabolism
cardiovascular tone
growth
reproduction
affects protein metabolism
What does cortisol stimulate?
gluconeogenesis
Chronic, abnormal elevations of cortisol may cause:
obesity, sleep deprivation, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
loss of bone density
Central Nervous System includes:
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System includes
- Somatic Motor System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System includes:
- Parasympathetic/cholinergic/rest and digest (acetylcholine)
- Sympathetic/adrenergic/ fight or flight (catecholamine)
Function of the ANS
- Regulate the heart
- Regulate the secretory glands
- Regulate smooth muscles
Cholinergic Receptors
Receptors that mediate response to acetylcholine
Where are responses cholinergic receptors mediated?
Cholinergic receptors mediate responses at all junctions where acetylcholine is the transmitter
Adrenergic receptors
Receptor that mediates response to epinephrine and norepinephrine
Where are responses of adrenergic receptors mediated?
Adrenergic responses are mediated at junctions where norepinephrine or epinephrine are the transmitter
What is the transmitter employed the most at most junctions of the peripheral nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is release by (five answers):
- All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
- All preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
- All postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic neurons that go to sweat glands
- All motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Two classes of receptors in the SNS
- Alpha adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1 and Alpha 2)
- Beta adrenergic receptors (Beta 1 and Beta 2)
Alpha 1 receptor
Vasoconstriction
Increase Peripheral Resistance (blood flow)
Increase Blood Pressure
Mydriasis
Increase Closure Bladder Sphincters
Alpha 2 Receptor
Inhibits Acetylcholine
Inhibits Norepinephrine
Inhibits Insulin Release
(slows things down)
Beta 1 Receptor
Increase heart rate
Increase Myocardial contractability
Increase Lipolysis
Increase Renin
(increases rate of transmission)
Beta 2 Receptor
Increase vasodilation
Decrease peripheral resistance
Bronchodilation**
Increase Glycogenolysis (muscle, liver)
Increase Glucagon Release
Relaxes Uterine Smooth Muscle
Most important thing to remember about Alpha 1 receptor
Vasoconstriction
Most important thing to remember about Beta 1 receptor
Increase Heart Rate
Increase Myocardial Contractibility
Most important thing to remember about Beta 2 receptor
Bronchodilation
Catecholamines include:
Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
Chronic stress-induced release of norepinephrine may cause: three things
- Plaque formation in blood vessels
- Myocardial infarction, stroke
- “Sickness syndrome”
Catecholamine as medication acts in two ways
- Sympathomimetrics
- Sympathetic agonist
Sympathomimetrics
drugs that mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic agonist
???????
Two major subtypes of cholinergic receptors
- Nicotinic
- Muscarinic
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors three main types:
- M1
- M2
- M3
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 3 main types:
- Nm
- Nn
- Ng (usually classified with Nn)
M1 stimulates what
CNS
Salivary Gland
Parietal cells
Stimulation of M1 causes
Increase in:
CNS excitation
Memory
Locomotor activity
Gastric acid secretion
M2 stimulates what
Heart
Stimulation of M2 causes
Decrease in:
rate
force
AV conduction
M3 stimulates what
Exocrine glands
Smooth Muscles
Stimulation of M3 causes
All smooth muscle contraction except
vasodilation
Glandular secretion
Nn stimulates what
CNS
adrenal medula
Stimulation of Nn
CNS excitation
Release of adrenaline
Ng stimulates what
Autonomic ganglia
Stimulation of Ng causes
Ganglionic transmission
Nm stimulates what
Skeletal muscle
Nm stimulates what
Skeletal muscle contraction