Shock help for Final Flashcards
Shock
cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately
What does shock ultimately progress to?
Ultimately, shock progresses to organ failure and death
What is a frequent complication of shock?
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
the failure of two or more organ systems after severe illness and injury and is a frequent complication of severe shock.
What is common in all types of shock?
In all types of shock, the cell either is not receiving an adequate amount of oxygen or is unable to use oxygen.
In general, what is the first treatment of shock? What is management?
discover and correct or remove the underlying cause.`
Simultaneously, management should begin directed at improvement in tissue perfusion.
Types of shock:
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolemic
- Neurogenic
- Anaphylactic
- Sepsis
Cardiogenic shock is caused by
Heart failure
Hypovolemic shock is caused by
insufficient fluid volume
Neurogenic shock is caused by
neural alterations of vascular smooth muscle tone
can be caused by any factor that stimulates parasympathetic or inhibits sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle.
Septic shock is caused by
infection
Anaphylactic shock is caused by
immunological processes
Cardiogenic shock
decreased cardiac output and evidence of tissue hypoxia in the presence of adequate intravascular volume.
happens when your heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs.
Clinical manifestations of shock
impaired mentation, dyspnea and tachypnea, systemic venous and pulmonary edema, dusky skin color, marked hypotension, oliguria, and ileus
What are the compensatory mechanisms of cardiogenic shock?
Catecholamine release
Renin-aldosterone, ADH
Management of cardiogenic shock
Management of cardiogenic shock includes careful fluid and vasopressor administration followed by early angiography, IABP counterpulsation, ventricular assist devices, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and early revascularization
Hypovolemic shock
is caused by loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (diaphoresis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, emesis, diarrhea, or diuresis) in large amounts.
Clinical manifestations of hypovolemic shock
high SVR, poor skin turgor, thirst, oliguria, low systemic and pulmonary preloads, rapid heart rate, thready pulse, and mental status deterioration.
Management of hypovolemic shock
Management begins with rapid fluid replacement with crystalloids and blood products.
Reestablish tissue perfusion
Neurogenic shock
is the result of widespread and massive vasodilation that results from imbalances between parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle
End result of Neurogenic shock?
neurologic insult may cause bradycardia, which decreases cardiac output and further contributes to hypotension and underperfusion of tissues.
Management of neurogenic shock
Management includes the careful use of fluids and vasopressors until blood pressure stabilizes.
Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock results from a widespread hypersensitivity reaction known as anaphylaxis.
What does anaphylactic begin with?
Anaphylactic shock begins with exposure of a sensitized individual to an allergen.
Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis
The primary clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis include anxiety, dizziness, difficulty breathing, stridor, wheezing, pruritus with hives (urticaria), swollen lips and tongue, and abdominal cramping.
Management of Anaphylactic shock?
Fluids are given intravenously to reverse the relative hypovolemia, and antihistamines and corticosteroids are administered to stop the inflammatory reaction. Vasopressors and inhaled β-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators may also be necessary.
