Week 1- Urinary System Flashcards
What does the urinary system do?
- regulates volume of the blood
- regulates chemical makeup of the blood
- water and salt balance
- acids and base balance
the bean-shaped kidneys lie in a ___________ position
retroperitoneal
the right kidney is (higher/lower) than the left because it is crowded by the liver
lower
ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at the ____
hilus
fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection
renal capsule
fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps
attach it to the body wall
adipose capsule
outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney
renal fascia
collect urine draining from papillae
minor calyx
nephron
structural and functional units
when blood enters the kidney what is it called?
filtrate
when filtrate leaves the kidneys what is it called
urine
where does filtration occur?
glomerulus
where does modification occur?
peritubular cappilaries
is there protein and blood in the urine?
no because of the fenestrated epitheloium
What is the major function of the proximal convoluted tubule? (PCT)
major function is REABSORPTION
-water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it
descending limb has (thin/thick) ________ cells
thin squamous cells
the ascending limb has (thin/thick) ______ cells
thick cuboidal cells
where does secretion happen?
distal convoluted tubule [DCT]
several collecting tubules feed into a single ___________
collecting duct
true/false: collecting ducts are facultative meaning they have an on/off mechanism
true
85% of nephrons are ________ nephroms
cortical (located in the cortex)
________ nephrons are located at the cortex-medulla junction
juxtamedullary nephrons
what nephrons are involved in the production of dark urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
Where are cortical nephrons located
cortex of kidneys;
cortical neuron= 85% of nephrons
is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure outward or inward?
it is an outward pressure that promotes filtrate formation
chief force that pushes water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
the blood pressure in the glomerulus is extradonarily (high or low)
high
is capsular hydrostatic pressure an inward or outward pressure?
inward (opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure)
the pressure exerted by the filtrate in the glomerular capsule is __________________
capsular hydrostatic pressure
plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain ________ pressure of the blood
oncotic
Where do reabsorption and secretion happen?
tubules
inhibits diuresis (urine output)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What hormone make the principal cells of the collecting ducts more permeable to water by causing AQUAPORINS to be infestered into their apical membrane
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
what hormone helps can increase the amount of sodium the body sends into the bloodstream or the amount of potassium released in the urine.
aka increases sodium reabsorption and increasing blood volume and pressure
Aldosterone
what hormone reduces blood sodium thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
Arial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
what is the term for drinking too much water
hyponatremia
what plan creates most of the sperm?
seminal vesicles (60%) prostate (30%)
what is prostate specific antigen (PSA) indicated in?
prostate cancer
what gland makes mucus to remove urine from the urethra?
bulbourethral gland
is an erection sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
is urination sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
what are the 3/4 steps of spermatogenisis
- mitosis
- meiosis 1
- meiosis 2
- spermiogenosis (when spermatids dissockennt and run free)
which cell stays near the basement membrane?
type a cell
What part of the Kidney has fenestration? what is it purpose?
Glomerulus
-filters so that the urine remains protein and blood free. those moelecules are too big to pass by
what is the filtration slit?
space between 2 poacytes where filtration happens
where does reabsorption happen?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT
what happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
secretion
what part of the kidneys are facultative meaning that they have an on/off switch?
collecting ducts
the vasa recta goes around which type of nephrons?
juxtamedullary nephrons
the net filtration pressure must always be (negative or positive)
positive
If blood pressure does up, will filtration rate go up or down?
up
what are teh 3 mechanisms to control glomerular filtration?
- renal auto regulation
- sympathetic (under stress urination shuts off so we can run from the bear)
- hormonal mechanism
what hormone causes causes -mean arterial pressure to rise by systemic vasoconstriction
-stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
angiotensin 2
Does filtrate contain protein
and blood cells
Nope
Does reabsorption or secretion go from filtrate to the blood?
reabsorption
Does reabsorption or secretion go from blood to the filtrate?
secretion
what happens is if the GFR is too high
needed substances cannot be reabsorbed
quickly enough and are lost in the urine
what happen si if the GFR is too low
everything is reabsorbed
sodium reabsorption is almost always by (active or passive)
transport
active
what does the collecting duct reabsorbs
water, urea, and sodium
osmotic gradient is created by the ________ in the juxtamedullary nephrons
loops of Henle
what structure helps maintain the osmotic gradient
vasa recta helps to maintain it
what hormone is the signal to produce concentrated urine
ADH
triangular area outlined by the openings
for the ureters and the urethra
trigone
