Digestion Part 2 Flashcards
the_________ reflex regulates gastric emptying
enterogastric
Functions of liver
- Production of bile
- Processing blood borne nutrients
- Storage of fat soluble vitamins
- Detoxification (liver does not store toxins)
Small intestine structural modifications
1.Pilcae circulares= Deep circular fold of mucosa and sub mucosa
2. Villi- finger like extensions of mucosa
3. Microvilli- tiny projections off plasma membrane; cellular level
Get longer when food is present
3 parts of small intestines
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
bile duct and pancreatic duct come in at the duodenum and are controlled by ________________
hepatopancreatic sphincter
illeum joins LI at the _________
ileocecal valve
which structural element of the small intestines has deep circular folds of mucosa and submucosa
plicate circulares
which structural element of the small intestines has finger like extensions of mucosa
villi
which structural element of the small intestines has tiny projections off the cells plasma membrane
microvilli
what is small intestine mucosa made of?
- Absorptive cells and goblet cells
- Enteroendocrine cells
- T cells called IELs
_________ secrete intestinal juice
-intestinal crypts
are small intestine secretions acidic or alkaline?
alkaline
intestinal juices are secreted by what glands?
intestinal glands
intestinal juices are secreted in response to what?
- distension
2. irritation of mucosa
intestinal juice is _________ poor and _________ rich
enzyme poor
mucus rish
what is the largest gland of the body?
liver
liver has how many lobes?
4
the ___________ ligament separate right and left lobes and suspends liver from the diaphragm
falciform
what ligament if a remnant of left fetal umbilical vein
ligamentum tere
the ligamentum teres runs along the edge of the _____________ ligament
falciform ligament
the lesser momentum anchors the liver to the____________________
lesser curvature of the stomach
where hepatic blood vessel enter liver
porta hepatis
Left and right hepatic duct —> ________—>cystic duct —> GB —>bile duct
common hepatic duct
______________ —> common hepatic duct —>cystic duct —> GB —>bile duct
Left and right hepatic duct
Left and right hepatic duct —> common hepatic duct —> _________—> GB —>bile duct
cystic duct
Left and right hepatic duct —> common hepatic duct —>cystic duct —> GB —>__________
bile duct
hexagon shaped structural units of liver
liver lobules
located at each corner of the liver lobule
portal triads
3 Parts of Portal Triads
- Bile duct
2. Hepatic artery
3. Hepatic portal vein
enlarged leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates
Liver sinusoids
fixed hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids
Kupffer cells=
is bile acidic or alkaline
alkaline
what do bile salts contain?
- emulsify fat
- Fat and cholesterol absorption
- Solubilize cholestero
chief bile pigment
bilirubin
inflammation of liver
Caused by virus, poison, autoimmune, hereditary
Hepatitis
which hepatitis are gotten through fecal matter
A and E
the vowels hit the bowels
infectious jaundice, enters through fecal matter
Hep A
blood or sexual transmission; can lead to cancer
Hep B
blood/sex, can cause cirrhosis, can be lethal
Hep C
similar to Hep A
Hepatitis E
Formation of fibrous tissue in liver replacing dead liver cells
Viral hepatitis, alcoholism, liver-toxic chemicals
Cirrhosis
- hereditary -accumulation of iron in liver
- eventually leads to liver damage
Hemochromatosis
- primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- metastaic cancer
- usually comes from other parts of GI tract
Cancer of Liver
where is gallbladder located?
-on ventral surface of liver
what organ makes bile?>
liver
what organ stores bile
gallbladder
bile concentration is reduced in the GB by
absorbing its water and oils
bile is released via________–
the cystic duct
acid and fatty chyme cause duodenum to release _______ and ________
CCK and secretin
CCK causes gallbladder to contract, _______________ to relax so bile enter duodenum
hepatopancreatic sphincter
blockage of bile leading to jaundice
Cholestasis
- gallstone blocks common bile duct or cystic duct
- severe pain in right upper abdomen
Biliary Colic
-gallstones
Cholelithiasis
-chronic inflammation of GB, usually from gallstones
Cholecystitis
Exocrine function on pancreas
- Secrete pancreatic juice to break down food
2. Acini contains zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
pancreas endocrine function
release insulin and glucagon
-pancreatice enzymes are released in (active or inactive) form
inactive
where are pancreatic enzymes activated?
duodenum
-Fatty chyme —> _____ —> enzyme rich pancreatic juice
CCK
-Fatty chyme —> CCK —> ______________
enzyme rich pancreatic juice
Acid chyme —> __________—> bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
secretin
Acid chyme —> secretin—>______________
bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
where does fat digestion start to happen
small intestine (duodenum)
is chyme release quickly or slowly into duodenum
slow
*all nutrient absorption takes place in _________
small intestine
__________= most common motion of SI (mixing)
-segmentaion
what cells initiate segmentation in the small intestine
intrinsic pacemaker cells (canal cells)
- stomach muscles activated
- tells illeum to move chyme to large intestine
- illeocecal sphincter relaxes
Gastroileal reflex
does digestion take place in the large intestine?
no
______, _______, and _______ are reclaimed in LI
vitamins, water and electrolytes
food in stomach —> what reflex? —> forces contents from colon to rectum
gastrocolic reflex
3 structural modifications of large intestine
Teniae coli= 3 bands of longtidunial smooth muscle
Haustra= packet like sacs caused by tone of tenure coli
Epiploic appendages = fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
in large intestine 3 bands of longtidunial smooth muscle
Teniae col
packet like sacs caused by tone of tenure coli
in large intestine
Haustra
fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum on large intestine
Epiploic appendages =
flow of large intestine
Cecum —> ascending colon —> transverse colon —> descending colon —> sigmoid colon —> rectum —> anus
- below illeocecal valve
- contains appendix
Cecum
-ascending colon —> ______ flexure —> transverse colon —> splenic flexure —> descending colon —> sigmoid colon
hepatic
-ascending colon —> hepatic flexure —> transverse colon —>______ flexure —> descending colon —> sigmoid colon
splenic
mesenteries that anchor the transverse and sigmoid colon
mesocolons
- largest peritoneal fold
- double mesentery (4 layers)
- descends from stomach goes to small intestine and transverse colon
Greater Omentum
extend to liver from lesser curvature of stomach
lesser omentum
Role of Bacteria of LI
Colonice zolon
Ferment indegisetible starches
Release acids and gasses
Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K
which anal sphincter is smooth muscle?
internal
which anal sphincter is skeletal muscle?
external (under voluntary control)
hemorrhoid= inflammation of _________________________
superficial venous plexuses
digestion is the only one that starts in your mouth
carb
digestion of _____ and ______ are facilitated diffusion
carbs and proteins
during digestion this macro is co-transport with Na+
carb
pepsin in stomach breaks down what macronutrient
proteins
what enzymes breakdown protein?
enzymes in SI further help
-pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes
-fats get into cells via _________-
diffusion
what breaks down fats
-bile salts and pancreatic lipase break down fats
what macro nutrient uses active transport via membrane carriers
Nucleic Acids
95% of water is absorbed in the ______________ via _______________
small intestines via osmosis
helps infant find the nipple
rooting reflex
aids in swallowing in infants
-sucking reflex
