Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

what is deamination?

Answer 1

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule

Question 2

essential amino acids

Answer 2

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Question 3

Two Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 3

1. Linoleic (LA)= omega 6
   (Vegetable oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil)
2. Alpha Linolenic (ALA)= omega 3
   Mustard seed oil, flax, walnut, fish and shellfish

Question 4

Functions of glucagon

Answer 4

1. glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis),
2. promotes glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis),
3. inhibits glycogen formation and thus mobilizes export of glucose into the circulation.

Question 5

Functions of insulin

Answer 5

• regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream

- induces glucose storage in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue

Question 6

-GLP 1

Answer 6

and serotonin make us feel full and satisfied

Question 7

Glycogenesis

Answer 7

formation of glycogen when glucose supplies exceed cellular need for STP synthesis

Question 8

glycogenolysis

Answer 8

breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood sugar

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

breakdown of glucose into pyretic acid (1st step of cellular respiration before kreb cycle)

Question 10

Ketogenesis

Answer 10

making of ketones by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

Question 11

3 ketone bodies

Answer 11

1. Acetoacetate
2. Acetone
3. Beta hydroxybutryate

Question 12

Lipogenesis

Answer 12

excess dietary glucose and fatty acids are stored as triglycerides
-making fat

Question 13

what organ synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats

Answer 13

liver

Question 14

lipoproteins transport what?

Answer 14

cholesterol and fat

Question 15

what hormone suppresses secretion of neuropeptide Y

Answer 15

leptin

Question 16

causes cravings for carbs

Answer 16

neuropeptide Y

Question 17

causes cravings for carbs

Answer 17

neuropeptide Y

Question 18

enhance appetite

Answer 18

-orexins=

Question 19

fat cravings

Answer 19

galanin=

Question 20

3 events of protein metabolism

Answer 20

1. transamination
2. oxidative deamination (remove amino acid group)
3. keto acid modification

Question 21

deaminated amino acids are converted into

Answer 21

1. pyruvic acid

2. one of the keto acid intermediates of the Krebs cycle

Question 22

switching of an amine group from an amino acid

…to a keto acid [usually -ketoglutaric acid of the Krebs cycle]

Answer 22

transamination

Question 23

___________ enhances facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

most abundant dietary lipids= _____________ (found in animal and plant foods)

Answer 24

triglycerides

Question 25

what function as coenzymes (especially B vitamins)

Answer 25

vigtamins

Question 26

your body makes what vitmains

Answer 26

body makes D,K, and B

Question 27

B12 needs_________ to be absorbed in ileum of small intestine

Answer 27

intrinsic factor

Question 28

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 28

fat soluble= A, D, E, K

Question 29

food broken down within the cells and some of the energy leads to ATP

Answer 29

cellular respiration

Question 30

-anabolic=

Answer 30

growth, from small to large molecules

Question 31

catabolic

Answer 31

breakdown from large to small

Question 32

_________ shift the phosphate group of ATP to other molecules

Answer 32

-enzymes

Question 33

added a phosphate group to something

Answer 33

phosphorylated=

Question 34

________ and ________ rely almost entirely on glucose for energy

Answer 34

neurons and RBCs

Question 35

extra glucose is converted to___________ or fat and stored

Answer 35

glycogen

Question 36

need____ carbs/day

Answer 36

100g

Question 37

4 Glucose Pathways

Answer 37

1. Glycolosis 2. Preparatory reaction 3. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle 4. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 38

enzyme that synthesizes ATP

Answer 38

ATP synthesize

Question 39

what creates a pH gradient and generates a voltage gradient

Answer 39

-electrochemical proton gradient

Question 40

movement of hydrogen (H) across membrane

Answer 40

-chemiosmosis=

Question 41

_____ fuel hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

Answer 41

fats

Question 42

____ make up myelin sheath and cell membrane

Answer 42

-fats

Question 43

-fat in adipose tissue provides

Answer 43

1. Protectors organs 2. Insulates skin 3. Storage for later energy use

Question 44

what hormone is derived from fat, found in all tissues and organs, and synthesized from essential fatty acids

Answer 44

prostaglandin

Question 45

Functions of prostaglandin’s

Answer 45

1. Smooth muscle contraction 2. Controls blood pressure 3. Inflammation

Question 46

-most fats are transported in lymph as ____________

Answer 46

chylomicrons

Question 47

2 Pathways of Fat Metabolism

Answer 47

1. Glycerol pathway | 2. Fatty acid pathway (beta oxidation)

Question 48

which pathways is this: Glycerol converted into glyceraldehyde phosphate Then converted into CoA Acetyl CoA enters kern cycle

Answer 48

glycerol pathway

Question 49

Undergo beta oxidation Leads to 2 carbon acid fragments which enter Kreb cycle Reduced coenzymes which enter the electron chain transport

Answer 49

fatty acid pathway

Question 50

___________ necessary for oxidation of fat

Answer 50

oxaloacetic acid

Question 51

________synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats

Answer 51

liver

Question 52

what organ -synthesizes cholesterol for CoA

Answer 52

liver

Question 53

structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormone, vitamin D

Answer 53

cholesterol

Question 54

_____________ makes up part of hedgehog molecule that directs embryonic development

Answer 54

cholesterol

Question 55

which cholesterol -transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver

Answer 55

HDL (protein dominated)

Question 56

which cholesterol -transport cholestoel to peripheral tissue and regular cholesterol synthesis

Answer 56

LDL

Question 57

which cholesterol -transport triglycerides to peripheral tissue

Answer 57

VLDL

Question 58

-all or none rule (amino acids)

Answer 58

= all amino acids need to be present at the same time for protein synthesis to happen

Question 59

amino acids must be_________ prior to oxidation for energy

Answer 59

deaminated

Question 60

deaminated

Answer 60

amino group is removed from amino acid and converted into ammonia -deaminated amino acids converted into pyretic acid —> Kreb cycle

Question 61

oxidative deamination

Answer 61

amine group of glutamic acid is released as amonia, combined with carbon dioxide, and peed out as urea