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Pathophysiology 2.0 > Week 1 tute - biomedical basics > Flashcards

Week 1 tute - biomedical basics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is ?% mass of a nucleus?

A

<20%

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2
Q

where are nucleoproteins synthesised?

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

once sythesised, where are nucleoproteins transported into?

A

the nucleus

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4
Q

what are the 2 classifications of nucleoprotein

A
  1. histone proteins
  2. non-histone protein:
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5
Q

what is the purpose of histone proteins?

A

bind to DNA & control coiling of strand

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6
Q

what are the two types of non-histone proteins in the nucleus?

A

non-histone protein:

  • enzymes for DNA & RNA synthesis
  • regulatory proteins
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7
Q

what are the main types of RNA that can be found in the nucleus?

A

newly synthesised m-RNA, t-RNA & r-RNA

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8
Q

describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

2 lipid bilayers with intermembranous space, contains pores

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9
Q

what is the outer membranes of the nuclear envelope continous with?

A

ER (+ has ribosomes)

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the pores in the nuclear membrane?

A

permit & regulate (active) exchange of metabolites, macromolecules & ribosomal subunits between nucleus & cytoplasm

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11
Q

In dividing cells, chromatin appears in form of ______

A

chromosomes

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12
Q

In non-dividing cells, chromatin exists in 3 forms, they are:

  1. H?
  2. E?
  3. N?
A
  1. Heterochromatin-electron dense areas, of tightly coiled inactive chromatin
  2. Euchromatin-pale staining areas of DNA, active in synthesising RNA (e.g. m-RNA)
  3. Nucleolus:
    •one or more in active cells
    • site of r-RNA synthesis & ribosome assembly
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13
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

electron dense areas, of tightly coiled inactive chromatin

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14
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

pale staining areas of DNA, active in synthesising RNA (e.g. m-RNA)

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15
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

site of r-RNA synthesis & ribosome assembly, there are one or more within active cells

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16
Q

what is the difference in the appearance of the nucleus between inactive and highly active cells?

A
  • inactive cells have small nuclei, condensed (hetero) chromatin, small or absent nucleoli
  • highly active cells have dispersed (pale staining) chromatin (euchromatin) with prominent nucleoli
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17
Q

role of mRNA?

A

transcribes DNA instructions for protein synthesis & carries to cytoplasm

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18
Q

role of rRNA?

A

moves to cytoplasm becomes site of protein synthesis, it translates mRNA sequence into sequence of amino acids

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19
Q

role of tRNA?

A

transfers amino acids in sequence, from pool in cytoplasm, to elongating polypeptide chain being assembled

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20
Q

the cytosol (fluid matrix) colloidal solution contains? (list 6 things)

A

– water
– electrolytes
– suspended proteins
– neutral fats
– glycogen
– pigments

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21
Q

at what region in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled at?

A

the nucleolar region within nucleus

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22
Q

where does the synthesis of extracellular proteins occur? (e.g. digestive enzymes, some hormones, neurotransmitters)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

what synthesises proteins to be used within the cell?

A

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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24
Q

describe the structure of the ER

A

a system of paired membranes with matrix (fluid-filled space), cisternae (flattened sacs) & vesicles connecting parts of inner cell

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25
Q

what is the matrix of the ER continuous with?

A
  • cell membrane
  • space between 2 layers of nuclear membrane
  • other membranous organelles
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26
Q

the ER functions as tubular __________ _________ for transport of molecules through cell

A

the ER functions as tubular communication network for transport of molecules through cell

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27
Q

the ER’s large surface area & attached multiple ________ ______ means it has an active role in ___ ______

A

the ER’s large surface area & attached multiple enzyme systems means it has an active role in cell metabolism

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28
Q

where is the main site of structural modification for the following enzymes?

–pancreatic digestive enzymes
–liver plasma proteins
–lysosomal enzymes (all cells)

A

RER

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29
Q

what is the main function of RER?

A

protein synthesis and structural modification for specific functions

30
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with ___?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

_______ endoplasmic reticulum contains enzymes for:

  • lipid, lipoprotein, steroid synthesis
  • regulation of intracellular calcium (skeletal & cardiac muscle)
  • detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs (liver)
  • glycogen storage
A

smooth

32
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of 4 or more thin flat membranous sacs, located near (concave surface facing) nucleus

33
Q

the Golgi apparatus ______ substances & packages into _______ vesicles, which move into cytoplasm, fuse with cell membrane then leave via ________

A

the Golgi apparatus modifies substances & packages into secretory vesicles, which move into cytoplasm, fuse with cell membrane then leave via exocytosis

34
Q

________ either within lumen of coated vesicle or embedded within its membrane are transported to Golgi from ER

A

proteins, either within lumen of coated vesicle or embedded within its membrane are transported to Golgi from ER

35
Q

______ _______ may produce some of the larger CHOs that combine with proteins in RER to form glycoproteins

A

Golgi Complex (apparatus) may produce some of the larger CHOs that combine with proteins in RER to form glycoproteins

36
Q

list the three functional parts of the Golgi apparatus

A

i) Cis face (faces nucleus):
ii) Medial Golgi
iii) Trans Golgi network

37
Q

functions of cis face of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • receives transport vesicles from SER
  • phosphorylates certain proteins
38
Q

function of medial Golgi

A

adds sugar residues to both lipids & peptides to form complex oligosaccharides

39
Q

function of trans Golgi network

A
  • performs proteolytic steps
  • adds sugar residues
  • sorts different macromolecules & directs to correct vesicles
40
Q

the mitochondria are?

A

FUCK YES

41
Q

cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane have

    1. 3.
A
  1. cytochromes
  2. carrier molecules of ETC
  3. enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation & ATP production
42
Q

_____ mitochondrial membrane is permeable, with enzymes for lipid catabolism

A

outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable, with enzymes for lipid catabolism

43
Q

mitochondrial ______ has enzymes for CAC and fatty acid oxidation

A

mitochondrial matrix has enzymes for CAC and fatty acid oxidation

44
Q

how many mitochondria can a hepatogyte have?

A

2,000 - aka a lot

45
Q

how many of their own constituent proteins do mitochondria synthesise?

A

37

46
Q

what kind of abnormalities can result from abnormal mitochondrial DNA?

A
  • structural abnormalities of muscle
  • structural abnormalities of nervous system
  • metabolic abnormalities from failed oxidative metabolism
47
Q

Clinical patterns caused by Mitochondrial Cytopathic Syndromes include?

A

extraocular muscle weakness, degenerative disease of CNS, metabolic disturbances e.g very high levels of lactic acid

48
Q

how would you diagnose Mitochondrial Cytopathic Syndromes

A

muscle biopsy & microscopic examination

49
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

a membrane bound veiscle containing acidhydrolases and proteoenzymes

50
Q

the enzymes contained within lysosomes are synthesised in ___ then packed into vesicles in _____

A

synthesised in RER, packed into vesicles in Golgi

51
Q

what is the optimal pH for the enzymes within a lysosome?

A

5.0

52
Q

what happens if lysosomal contents leak out into the cytoplam?

A

they become less effective due to the higher cytoplasmic pH

53
Q

What is a type 1 lysosome?

A

A lysosome who’s enzymes have not yet begun the digestive process

54
Q

what is a type 2 lysosome?

A

a phagolysosome (endolysosome) - foms when type 1 lysosome fuses with the substrate material, the enzymes become activated & chemical degradation process begins

55
Q

what are the 2 ways in which a type 2 lysosome can form?

A

i) autophagocytosis: worn-out cell parts for recycling
ii) heterophagocytosis: ingested bacteria in phagosome

56
Q

what are residual bodies?

A

type 2 lysosomes with undigested material, e.g.

  • lipofuscin (age pigment in neurons, cardiac muscle)
  • carbon particles in lung & tattoo pigments in macrophages (last decades)
57
Q

what is autolysis?

A

release of enzymes into cytoplasm, massive destruction of cell contents (abnormal)

58
Q

how do neutrophils work on bacteria?

A

release enzymes from type 1 lysosomes into extracellular spaces, destroy surrounding cells – e.g. purulent inflammatory lesions

59
Q

what is the effect of lysosomal storage (inherited) diseases?

A

specific enzymes are absent or inactive, digestion of e.g. cerebrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelin doesn’t occur

e.g. Tay Sachs disease (autosomal recessive)

60
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A
  • contain special reducing enzyme that degrades peroxides e.g. H2O2
  • function in control of free radicals which, if not degraded, will damage other cytoplasmic molecules
  • contain enzymes for catabolism of very long-chain fatty acids (C 18 & above)
  • formation of bile acids in liver cells
61
Q

give examples of peroxisomal disorders

A

–defects in enzymes which process long chain fatty acids –metabolic disturbances e.g. acidosis
–storage of abnormal lipids

• e.g. adrenoleukodystrophy resulting in impaired oxidation of fatty acids >> abnormal lipid storage in brain, spinal cord and adrenals >>intellectual deterioration (dementia), adrenal failure

62
Q

what are the three classes of cytoskeleton filaments?

A

– Microfilaments

– Intermediate filaments

– Thick myosin filaments

63
Q

what are microfilaments?

A
  • e.g. actin
  • present in superficial zone of cytoplasm in most cells” cytoplasmic & membrane movement in endocytosis, exocytosis
  • in microvilli of e.g. intestine
64
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

• heterogeneous group diameter (?nm)
• support & maintain asymmetric cell shape
– e.g. keratin in keratinocytes,
– e.g. glial filaments in astrocytes

65
Q

give an example of thick myosin filaments

A

in muscle, also temporarily in other cells

66
Q

what are cytoskeleton microtubules made of?

A

tubulin

67
Q

give 3 functions of cytoskeleton microtubules

A

– development & maintenance of cell form
– intracellular transport
– basic structure for some complex organelles e.g. centrioles, cilia, flagella, spindle fibres

68
Q

cytoskeleten microtubule abnormalities can lead to? (2 things)

A
  • alterations in cell mobility & function e.g. diabetes
  • altered leukocyte migration interferes with inflammatory response
69
Q

what is colchicine used in?

A

it binds to tubulin affecting the microtubule/cytoskeleton structure. used in:

  • treatment of gout
  • halting chromosomes on equator in mitosis, for cytogenetic studies
70
Q

FINISH SLIDES ON CELL MEMBRANE

A

Pathophysiology 2.0 (19 decks)

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