Case Studies Linked to Tumour Immunology - Tut 6 Flashcards
What are the cardinal features of adaptive immunity responses?
- Specificity
- Diversity
- Memory
- Clonal Expansion
- Specialisation
- Contraction and Homeostasis
- Non-reactivity to self
What describe what specificity means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
ensures that the immune response to a microbe (or non-microbe) is targeted to that microbe (or antigen)
What describe what diversity means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
enables immune system to response to a large variety of antigens
What describe what memories means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
Increases ability to combat multiple or repeat infections by the same microbe/antigen
is the basis of how vaccines works
What describe what “clonal expansion” means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
increase number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbe
exponential increase
What describe what specialisation means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
generate responses that are optimal for defence against different types of microbes
What describe what contraction & homeostasis means in relation to the adaptive immune response?
Allows immune system to recover from one response so it can effectively respond to newly encountered antigens
ability to switch on and off immune response
Non-reactivity to self
Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens
How do B-lymphocytes recognise antigens and what effect do they cause?
B-lymphocyte recognises antigen as it binds to receptors and precipitates
forms an Ag-An complex
This can then either bind to;
a. macrophage which causes the neutralisation of the microbe via phagocytosis
b. complement system and activates it
How do Helper T lymphocytes recognise an antigen and what effect/s doe this stimulate?
Helper T cells bind to a microbial antigen presented by antigen-presenting cell
causes production of cytokines to occur which;
a. Activates macrophages = neutralisation of microbe via phagocytosis
b. activates inflammation via neutrophils
c. activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B cells
How do Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognise an antigen and what do they activate?
CTLs bind to an infected cell expressing a microbial antigen
and causes the killing of the infected cell
How do regulatory T lymphocytes recognise an antigen and what effect do they cause?
Tregcells cause the suppression of other lymphocytes
What are the 5 phases of the adaptive immune response?
- Recognition of the antigen
- activation of lymphocytes
- Elimination of antigen
- Response contraction (homeostasis)
- Memory
What typically occurs during the contraction (homeostasis) phase of the adaptive immune response?
response contracts decline as antigen-stimulated lymphocytes undergo apoptosis which restores homeostasis
What is a cutaneous melanoma?
Cutaneous = skin
Melan = melanocyte, MALIGNANT non-epithelial, non-mesenchymal neoplasm
