deck_9295042

Question 1

<p>what is the diameterand weight of a normal adult male prostate?</p>

Answer 1

<p>3 to 4cm diameterand 25g in weight</p>

Question 2

<p>what do you notice about this prostate?</p>

Answer 2

<p>it is enlarged and has an increase in stroma and prostate glands</p>

Question 3

<p>what kind of weight could you expect this hyperplasic prostate to be?</p>

Answer 3

<p>70 g</p>

Question 4

<p>what is the pattern of increase in this fucked up prossy?</p>

Answer 4

<p>nodular (not uniform)</p>

Question 5

<p>what is this pattern of increase influenced by?</p>

<p>what bodily function could it interfere with?</p>

Answer 5

<p>it's under hormonal influence</p>

<p>could interfere with the emtying of the urinary bladder</p>

Question 6

<p>what is an easily observable biomarker to check for prostate cancer?</p>

Answer 6

<p>if it's greater than 5cm</p>

Question 7

<p>is the structure of this hyperplastic prostate maintained or not?</p>

Answer 7

<p>maintained</p>

<p>t is well-differentiated - there are too many glands butthey resemble normal tissue</p>

Question 8

<p>What isthe main example of a cerebral atrophy disease?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Alzheimers</p>

Question 9

<p>what is the main biomarker of alzheimers?</p>

Answer 9

<p>apoptosis of cells, neuro degeneration</p>

Question 10

<p>what is neurodegeneration such a problem, especially if it's caused by a disease such as alzheimers?</p>

Answer 10

<p>because neurones cannot regenerate</p>

Question 11

<p>what are these and what are the pink bits?</p>

<p>(hint, this is a patient with alzheimers disease)</p>

Answer 11

<p>neurofibrillary tangles in neurones</p>

<p>the pink bits are the cytoskeleton filaments grouped together in elongated tangles</p>

Question 12

<p>what difference do you notice between the right (normal) andthe left laryngeal respiratory epithelium in this picture? what is this change called?</p>

Answer 12

<p>the epithelium on the left has become squamous instead of normal respiratory, in response to smoking as squamous is more resilient.</p>

<p>this is metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)</p>

Question 13

<p>is metaplasia a normal physiological process? what is it the first step towards?</p>

Answer 13

<p>no. it's the first step towards hyperplasia.</p>

Question 14

<p>\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa</p>

Answer 14

<p>Metaplasia of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa</p>

Question 15

<p>?</p>

Answer 15

<p>heart hypertrophy</p>

Question 16

<p>During heart hypertrophy, the number of myocardial fibers \_\_\_ \_\_\_ increase,their size \_\_\_ increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.</p>

Answer 16

<p>The number of myocardial fibers does not increase, but their size can increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.</p>

Question 17

<p>what is dysplasia?</p>

Answer 17

<p>abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ</p>

<p>or</p>

<p>the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer</p>

Question 18

<p>This is cellular \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the uterine cervix.</p>

<p>The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.</p>

<p>This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but \_\_\_\_\_\_ is still a potentially reversible process</p>

Answer 18

<p>This is cellular dysplasia in the uterine cervix.</p>

<p>The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.</p>

<p>This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but dysplasia is still a potentially reversible process</p>

Question 19

<p>In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

<p>In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.</p>

<p>Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.</p>

<p></p>

Answer 19

<p>In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of apoptosis.</p>

<p>In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.</p>

<p>Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.</p>

Question 20

<p>\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.</p>

Answer 20

<p>Apoptosis is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.</p>

Question 21

<p>This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the cortex of the kidney.</p>

Answer 21

<p>coagulative necrosis</p>

Question 22

<p>what causescoagulative necrosis?</p>

Answer 22

<p>necrosis caused by hypoxia usually caused by ischemia orinfarction</p>

Question 23

<p>?</p>

Answer 23

<p>normal coronary artery</p>

Question 24

<p>an artery with?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Atherosclerosis</p>

Question 25

<p>Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the \_\_\_\_\_\_ of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.</p>

Answer 25

<p>Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.</p>

Question 26

<p>why is atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery?</p>

Answer 26

<p>because turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.</p>