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JL Reproduction and Sexual Health > Week 1 part 3 > Flashcards

Week 1 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In pregancy how long is fetus carried for?

A

Up to 40 weeks

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2
Q

When does 1st trimester complete at?

A

12 weeks

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3
Q

When does 2nd trimester complete at?

A

28 weeks

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4
Q

When does 3rd trimester complete at?

A

40 weeks

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5
Q

What is the pregancy marker?

A

bhCG

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6
Q

During what days does blastocyst implant?

A

8 to 9 day

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7
Q

Is the embryo abnormal or normal in miscarriage and molar pregnancy?

A

Misscarriage - normal

Molar pregnancy - abnormal

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8
Q

Positive pregnancy urine pregnancy test, varied gestation, bleeding and cramping?

A

Miscarriage

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9
Q

What scan is gold stanrard for miscarriage?

A

TV ultrasound

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10
Q

If speculum exam shows os (opening of cervix to uterus) closed what is likely?

A

Threatened miscarriage

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11
Q

If speculum exam shows os (opening of cervix to uterus) with products sited at open os?

A

Inevitable miscarriage

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12
Q

If speculum exam shows os (opening of cervix to uterus) oipen with products in vagina what has happened?

A

cOMPLETE MIscarriage

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13
Q

Incomplete miscarriage?

A

Part of pregnanct lost already

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14
Q

Early fetal demise?

A

Pregnancy in situ, no heartbeat: MSD greater than 25mm

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15
Q

In miscarriage - why is misoprostil given?

A

To expel pregancy

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16
Q

Pain, bleeding, dizziness, collapse, shoulder tip pain, shoprt of breath? Also pallor, signs of peritonism guarding and tenderness?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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17
Q

USS showing empty uterus, +/i mass in adenexa, free fluid in pouch of douglas?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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18
Q

What is noted in comparitive assessment of serum bHCG in ectopic pregnancy?

A

48 hours apart it doubles

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19
Q

Overgrowth of placental tissue with chorionic villi swollen with fluid giving picture of grape like clusters?

A

Molar pregnancy

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20
Q

What does a complete mole have a 2.5% increase risk of?

A

Choriocarcinoma

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21
Q

What type of molar pregnancy is this - egg without DNA, 1 or 2 sperms fertilise, result in diploidy (paternal only)?

A

Complete mole

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22
Q

What type of molar pregnancy is this - haploid egg, 1 sperm or 2 sperms fertilising egg, result in triploidy, may have fetus?

A

Partial mole

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23
Q

Hyperemesis, varied bleeding and passage of grap like tissue, occassional SOB?

A

Molar pregnancy

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24
Q

What is seen on USS in molar pregnancy?

A

Snow storm appearance +/- fetius

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25
Q

What type of bleeding could occur 10 days post ovulation?

A

Implantation bleeding - bleeding is liught brownish and limited

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26
Q

Pooling of blood between endometriun and embryo due to seperation?

A

Chorionic haematoma

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27
Q

Name a cervical cause of bleeding in early pregnancy?

A

Cervical ectropion - cervix has columnar, vaginal has squamous. Cervix undergoes squamous metaplasia

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28
Q

Strawberry vagina?

A

Trichomoniasis

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29
Q

What chromosome has the sex determining region and causes development of testis from bipotential gonad?

A

Y chromosome

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30
Q

What are the two primitive genital tracts?

A

Wolffian and Mullerian ducts

31
Q

What two factors cause the development of the male internal genital tract?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor

32
Q

In males what happens to the Wolffian ducts?

A

Repro tract

33
Q

In females what happens toe the wOLFFIAN ducts?

A

Degenerate

34
Q

In males what happens to mullerian ducts?

A

Degenerate

35
Q

In females what happens to mullerian ducts?

A

Repro tract

36
Q

In differentiation of external genitalia what does dihydrotestosterone stimulate?

A

Penis

37
Q

Name an x-linked recessive disorder with male karyotype 46XY, testis develop but do not descend?

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminisation)

38
Q

In androgen insensitivity syndrome there is congential insensitivity to androgens. Androgen induction of what duct does not occur?

A

Wolffian duct. Mullerian inhibition occurs so born with external female enitals but no ovaries or uterus, short vagina

39
Q

Why is it important testis descend?

A

Lower temp outside body to faciliate - spermatogenesis dartos muscle contracts in scrotal sac to lower/raise testis temp

40
Q

What is cryptochidism?

A

Undescended testis

41
Q

What should be performed in cryptochidism below age 14 to miniise risk of testciular cancer?

A

Orchidopexy

42
Q

Where does spermatogeneisis occur?

A

Seminiferous tbules

43
Q

Where does production of testosterone occur?

A

Leydig cells

44
Q

In a spermatozoon - what contains enzumes for penetrating zona pelucida and thus ovum?

A

Acrosome

45
Q

What cells form a blood-testes barrier?

A

Sertoli cells

46
Q

What cells secrete seminiferous tubule fluid, androgen binding globulin and inhibin and activin hormones?

A

Sertoli cells

47
Q

In hormonal control of spermatogenesis: what does LH cause leydig cells to produce?

A

Testosterone

48
Q

In hormonal control of spermatogenesis: What acts on sertoli cell in seminiferous tubule to secrete androgen binding globulin and inhibin (decreases FSH)?

A

FSH

49
Q

wHAT RELEASE DOES gRRH have?

A

Pulsatile - everye 2-3 hours

50
Q

What glycoprotein acts on Leydig cells and regulates testosterone secretion?

A

LH

51
Q

What glycoprotein acts on Sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis and regulates by negative feedback from inhibin?

A

FSH

52
Q

Is production of LH and FSH cyclical in females?

A

Yes

53
Q

What secretes inhibin and activin?

A

Sertoli cells - feedback on FSH (inhibin inhibits and activin stimulates)

54
Q

Exit route from testes to urethra, concentrate & store sperm, site for sperm maturation

A

Epididymis and vas deferens

55
Q

Produce semen into ejaculatory duct, supply fructose, secrete prostaglandins (stimulates motility), secrete fibrinogen (clot precursor)

A

seminal vesicles

56
Q

Produces alkaline fluid (neutralizes vaginal acidity), produces clotting enzymes to clot semen within female

A

prostate gland

57
Q

Secrete mucus to act as lubricant

A

bulbourethral glands

58
Q

Erdction is under what control?

A

Parasympathetic - point

59
Q

Ejaculation is under what control?

A

Sympathetic - shoot

60
Q

Name an obstructive cause of male infertility?

A

Cystic fibrosis

61
Q

What is adult normal testicular volume?

A

12- 25 mls

62
Q

What male imnfertility is suggested if low testicular volume, reduced seconadry sexula characteristics and vas deferens present - also high LH, FSH and low testosterone?

A

Non-obstructive

63
Q

indication for surgical sperm aspiration?

A

Azoospermia

64
Q

When does menstrual phase of endometrium occur?

A

Days 1 to 3

65
Q

In the proliferative phase of endometrium - what hormone causes growt?

A

Oestrogen

66
Q

In the secretory phase of endometrium what causes secretion?

A

Progesterone

67
Q

What investigation is indicated in abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial ablation, investigation of infertility etc?

A

Endometrial sampling

68
Q

What is an indication in endometrium for a biopsy?

A

Thickness greater than 4mm in post menopausal woman

greater than 16mm in premenopausal women

69
Q

What is chronic plasmacytic endometritis associated with?

A

PID (gonorrhjoea, chlamydia and enteric organisms

70
Q

In a misscariage what products of conception can be seen in histology?

A

Foetal red blood cells

Chorionic villi

71
Q

caused by a single (incidence is about 90%) or two (incidence is about 10%) sperm combining with an egg which has lost its DNA (the sperm then reduplicates forming a “complete” 46 chromosome set. Only paternal DNA is present in a complete mole.

A

Complete mole

72
Q

occurs when egg is fertilized by two sperm or by one sperm which reduplicates itself yielding the genotypes of 69,XXY (triploid). Partial moles have both maternal and paternal DNA

A

Partial mole

73
Q

What do complete hydatidiform moles have a higher risk of developing into ?

A

choriocarcinoma

74
Q

What is growth of leiomyoma dependent on?

A

Oestrogen

JL Reproduction and Sexual Health (18 decks)

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