Week 1 - Language of Anatomy & Organ Systems Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Define Physiology
Describes the structure of the body.
composition
location
associated structures
Is the study of the functions of anatomical structures. Both individual and cooperative.
structure determines function
Ways to study anatomy
7
exploratory surgery
medical imaging
viewing the body without surgery
gross anatomy
study of structure that can be seen with the naked eye
histology
examination of tissue with microscope
histopathology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
cytology
study of structure and function of cells
ultrastructure
view detail under electron microscope
Define Homeostasis
Homeostasis describes the process by which biological systems maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It a state of dynamic equilibrium, regulatory mechanisms detect deviations from a set point to bring the system back into equilibrium.
Explain the types of homeostatic Regulation
intrinsic regulation / auto-regulation
automatic response in a cell tissue or organ to an environmental change. Organ maintains homeostasis within itself. Is Fast but limited.
heart controls heart rate -> stretch receptors in heart -> nerve / electrical impulses -> sinoatrial node releases electrical impulses -> received by cardiac muscle to adjust heart beast.
extrinsic regulation
response controlled by nervous (blood pressure) and endocrine system (blood glucose). Response of nervous system is fast. Endocrine system slower.
Blood pressure -> baroreceptors in blood vessels walls detect changes send signal to the brain -> received by medulla oblongata -> sends nervous signals through the autonomic nervous system -> muscles in blood vessel wall adjust diameter
Blood glucose -> glucose-sensing receptors in the pancreas detect chantes in blood/glucose -> In response beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin -> muscle and liver respond to insulin either increasing or decreasing glucose storage.
What does a homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of?
- receptor: receives the stimulus
- control center: process the signal and sends instructions
- effector: carries out instructions
regulation limits fluctuations to keep them close to a set point
Two types of feedback
positive Feedback
response of the effector negates the stimulus. Body is brought back into homeostasis. Normal range maintained.
temperature regulation / blood pressure regulation
negative feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions. Body is brought out of homeostasis. Normal range is not maintained.
blood clotting / childbirth
Feedback Loop
Stimulus -> sensor -> control center -> effector
Define dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium refers to a state of balance in a system where ongoing processes occur at equal rates, resulting in no overall change in the system. It involves continuous movement and exchange, but the system remains stable because the rates of forward and backward reactions or processes are equal.
In terms of homeostasis
refers to a state where internal conditions within an organism are maintained within a narrow and optimal range despite external fluctuations, it is a state of continual adaptation.
Describe the Levels of Organization from Chemical to Organismal
Atoms -> Molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organism
Name the Organ Systems
DRUMERSLINC
Digestive
Rreproductive
Urinary
Muscular
Endocrine
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Integumentary name major organs and function
Major Organs
Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands, Nails
Functions
1. Protection against environmental hazards
2. Regulates body temperature
3. Provides sensory information
Skeletal name major organs and functions
Major Organs
Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, bone marrow
Functions
- Provides support and protection for other tissues
- Stores calcium and other minerals
- Forms blood cells
Muscular name major organs and functions
Major Organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions
- Provides movement
- Provides protection and support for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Nervous System major organs and functions
Major Organs
Brain and spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Functions
- Directions immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
- Provides and interprets sensory information
Endocrine major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Pituitary (makes and stores hormones), thyroid (produces hormones), and adrenal glands (produce hormones)
- Pancreas (produce insulin) and gonads (produce sex hormones)
- Endocrine tissue in other systems
Functions
- Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
- Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Functions
- Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Distributes heat to control body temperature
Lymphatic major organs and functions
Major Organs
- spleen (stores / filters blood. Makes white blood cells)
- thymus (creates immune cells, t cells)
- lymphatic vessels (transport lymph / white blood cells)
- lymph nodes (contain lymphocytes)
- tonsils (first line of defense / contain white blood sells)
Functions
- defends against infection and disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi (air windpipe -> lungs), lungs, alveaoli (air sac, rapid gas exchange)
Functions
- Delivers air to alveoli
- Provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds of communication
Digestive major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Teeth, tongue, pharynx (throat), esophagus (move food and liquids from throat to stomach), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder (site of bile), pancreas(enzymes to break down food)
pharynx is part of digestive and respiratory, shared pathway for food and air
Functions
- process and digest food
- absorb and conserve water
- absorb nutrients
- store energy reservers
Urinary Major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions
- excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Male Reproductive major organs and functions
Major Organs
- testes, epididymis, ductus, deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
Functions
- produce male sex cells, seminal fluids and hormones
- sexual intercorse
Female reproduce major organs and functions
Major Organs
- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Functions
- produce female sex cells and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provides milk to nourish newborn infant
- sexual intercourse
Define Anatomical position, supine and prone
Anatomical position
hands at sides, palms forward
supine
lying down, face up
prone
lying down, face down
body region: forehead
frontal region
body region: head
cephalic region
subdivided into cranial and facial
body region: skull
cranial region
body region: face
facial region
body region: nose
nasal region
body region: eye
ocular region / orbital region
body region: ear
otic region
body region: neck
cervical region
body region: mouth
oral region
body region: chin
mental region
body region: armpit
axillary region
body region: upper arm
brachial region
body region: front of elbow
antecubital region
soft side
body region: chest
thoracic region
body region: breast
Mammary region
body region: abdomen
Abdominal Region
body region: naval
umbilical region
body regions in Trunk
- Thoracic
- Mammary
- abdominal
- umbilical
- pelvic
body region: forarm
antebrachial region
body region: wrist
carpal region
body region: palm
palmar region
body region: thumb
pollex region
body region: fingers
digital region