Week 1 - Language of Anatomy & Organ Systems Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Define Physiology
Describes the structure of the body.
composition
location
associated structures
Is the study of the functions of anatomical structures. Both individual and cooperative.
structure determines function
Ways to study anatomy
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exploratory surgery
medical imaging
viewing the body without surgery
gross anatomy
study of structure that can be seen with the naked eye
histology
examination of tissue with microscope
histopathology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
cytology
study of structure and function of cells
ultrastructure
view detail under electron microscope
Define Homeostasis
Homeostasis describes the process by which biological systems maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It a state of dynamic equilibrium, regulatory mechanisms detect deviations from a set point to bring the system back into equilibrium.
Explain the types of homeostatic Regulation
intrinsic regulation / auto-regulation
automatic response in a cell tissue or organ to an environmental change. Organ maintains homeostasis within itself. Is Fast but limited.
heart controls heart rate -> stretch receptors in heart -> nerve / electrical impulses -> sinoatrial node releases electrical impulses -> received by cardiac muscle to adjust heart beast.
extrinsic regulation
response controlled by nervous (blood pressure) and endocrine system (blood glucose). Response of nervous system is fast. Endocrine system slower.
Blood pressure -> baroreceptors in blood vessels walls detect changes send signal to the brain -> received by medulla oblongata -> sends nervous signals through the autonomic nervous system -> muscles in blood vessel wall adjust diameter
Blood glucose -> glucose-sensing receptors in the pancreas detect chantes in blood/glucose -> In response beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin -> muscle and liver respond to insulin either increasing or decreasing glucose storage.
What does a homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of?
- receptor: receives the stimulus
- control center: process the signal and sends instructions
- effector: carries out instructions
regulation limits fluctuations to keep them close to a set point
Two types of feedback
positive Feedback
response of the effector negates the stimulus. Body is brought back into homeostasis. Normal range maintained.
temperature regulation / blood pressure regulation
negative feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions. Body is brought out of homeostasis. Normal range is not maintained.
blood clotting / childbirth
Feedback Loop
Stimulus -> sensor -> control center -> effector
Define dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium refers to a state of balance in a system where ongoing processes occur at equal rates, resulting in no overall change in the system. It involves continuous movement and exchange, but the system remains stable because the rates of forward and backward reactions or processes are equal.
In terms of homeostasis
refers to a state where internal conditions within an organism are maintained within a narrow and optimal range despite external fluctuations, it is a state of continual adaptation.
Describe the Levels of Organization from Chemical to Organismal
Atoms -> Molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organism
Name the Organ Systems
DRUMERSLINC
Digestive
Rreproductive
Urinary
Muscular
Endocrine
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Integumentary name major organs and function
Major Organs
Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands, Nails
Functions
1. Protection against environmental hazards
2. Regulates body temperature
3. Provides sensory information
Skeletal name major organs and functions
Major Organs
Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, bone marrow
Functions
- Provides support and protection for other tissues
- Stores calcium and other minerals
- Forms blood cells
Muscular name major organs and functions
Major Organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions
- Provides movement
- Provides protection and support for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Nervous System major organs and functions
Major Organs
Brain and spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Functions
- Directions immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
- Provides and interprets sensory information
Endocrine major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Pituitary (makes and stores hormones), thyroid (produces hormones), and adrenal glands (produce hormones)
- Pancreas (produce insulin) and gonads (produce sex hormones)
- Endocrine tissue in other systems
Functions
- Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
- Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Functions
- Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Distributes heat to control body temperature
Lymphatic major organs and functions
Major Organs
- spleen (stores / filters blood. Makes white blood cells)
- thymus (creates immune cells, t cells)
- lymphatic vessels (transport lymph / white blood cells)
- lymph nodes (contain lymphocytes)
- tonsils (first line of defense / contain white blood sells)
Functions
- defends against infection and disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi (air windpipe -> lungs), lungs, alveaoli (air sac, rapid gas exchange)
Functions
- Delivers air to alveoli
- Provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds of communication
Digestive major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Teeth, tongue, pharynx (throat), esophagus (move food and liquids from throat to stomach), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder (site of bile), pancreas(enzymes to break down food)
pharynx is part of digestive and respiratory, shared pathway for food and air
Functions
- process and digest food
- absorb and conserve water
- absorb nutrients
- store energy reservers
Urinary Major organs and functions
Major Organs
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions
- excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Male Reproductive major organs and functions
Major Organs
- testes, epididymis, ductus, deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
Functions
- produce male sex cells, seminal fluids and hormones
- sexual intercorse
Female reproduce major organs and functions
Major Organs
- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Functions
- produce female sex cells and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provides milk to nourish newborn infant
- sexual intercourse
Define Anatomical position, supine and prone
Anatomical position
hands at sides, palms forward
supine
lying down, face up
prone
lying down, face down
body region: forehead
frontal region
body region: head
cephalic region
subdivided into cranial and facial
body region: skull
cranial region
body region: face
facial region
body region: nose
nasal region
body region: eye
ocular region / orbital region
body region: ear
otic region
body region: neck
cervical region
body region: mouth
oral region
body region: chin
mental region
body region: armpit
axillary region
body region: upper arm
brachial region
body region: front of elbow
antecubital region
soft side
body region: chest
thoracic region
body region: breast
Mammary region
body region: abdomen
Abdominal Region
body region: naval
umbilical region
body regions in Trunk
- Thoracic
- Mammary
- abdominal
- umbilical
- pelvic
body region: forarm
antebrachial region
body region: wrist
carpal region
body region: palm
palmar region
body region: thumb
pollex region
body region: fingers
digital region
body region: pelvis
pelvic region
body region: hand
manus region
includes palmer, pollex, and digits
body region: kneecap
patellar region
body region: shin
crural region
body region: ankle
tarsal region
body region: toes
digital region
body region: big toe
hallux region
body region: groin
inguinal region
body region: pubis
pubic region
body region: thigh / knee up
Femoral region
body region: foot
pedal region
body region: shoulders
acromial region
body region: back
dorsal region
body region: back of elbow
olecranal region
body region: arm -> entire
upper limb region
body region: leg -> entire
lower limb region
body region: butt
gluteal region
body region: back of knee
popliteal region
body region: calf
sural region
body region: heel of foot
calcaneal region
body region: sole of foot
plantar region
Abdominopelvic Quadrants - name organs in each
Right upper quadrant
- Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines
Right Lower Quadrant
cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, ascending colon, right ovary / right spermatic cord, right ureter
Left Upper Quadrant
Left lob of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, descending colon
Left Lower Quadrant
Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, left ovary / left spermatic cord
Abdominal Regions
- Right hypochondriac region: right Liver, gallbladder, right kidney / adrenal glands, small intestine
- Right lumbar region: ascending colon / right colon, right liver (tip), right kidney,
- Right iliac region: cecum, appendix, ascending colon, small intestine
- epigastric region: parts of Stomach, Pancreas, transverse colon, parts of adrenal glands, a bit of the left liver.
- umbilical region: Parts of small intestine, duodenum (first part of small intestine)
- hypogastric region: bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive organs
- left hypochondriac region: left liver, left kidney / adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, pancreas
- left lumbar region: descending colon, descending colon, left kidney,
- left -iliac region: sigmoid colon, descending colon, small intestines
right liver is in right hypochondriac and right lumbar. Left liver only in left hypochondriac
Directional Terms:
Anterior / Posterior
anterior / posterior indicate front and back
anterior
towards the front. Abdominal muscles are on the anterior side of the body
posterior
towards the back.
Directional Terms:
Cranial (superior) / Caudal (inferior)
superior / cranial
towards the head of the body
inferior / caudal
away from the head
Directional Terms:
Medial / Lateral
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
Directional Terms:
Proximal / Distal
proximal
closest or nearest the point of origin of a structure, such as a limb in relation to the trunk
distal
away from the attachment point of the structure. go the distance with distal
used mainly for limbs
Directional Terms:
Appendicular / Axial
Appendicular
Refers to the appendages or limbs of the body,
Axial
Refers to the central axis of the body. It includes the head, neck, and trunk
Directional Terms:
Superficial / Deep
superficial
a position closer to the surface of the body. Skin is superficial to bones
Deep
describes a position further away from the surface of the body.
Name and Describe the three sectional planes
- Frontal or coronal plane. Separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.
- sagittal plane. Separates right and left portions. midsagittal exact halfs parasagitall unequal parts
- transverse or horizontal plane. Separates superior and inferior portions of the body
define serous membrane, give function, name sub layers
serous membrane
a mesothelial tissue which lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum
composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar connective tissue (subserous fascia)
parietal layers
line the walls of the body cavity
visceral layers
cover the organs -> the viscera
between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin fluid-filled space called the serous space
the reduce friction between organs and cavity wall and provide cushioning against mechanical shocks.
Name Three Serous Cavities
Pleura
surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity and reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall.
pericardium
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava). It provides protection to the heart and anchors it in place within the thoracic cavity
Fibrous Pericardium: The outer layer of the pericardium is tough and fibrous. It is composed of dense connective tissue and helps protect the heart and prevent overdistension.
Serous Pericardium: The inner layer of the pericardium is a thin, double-layered membrane consisting of:
Parietal Layer parietal pericardium: This lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
Visceral Layer (Epicardium) visceral pericardium: This layer adheres closely to the surface of the heart (epicardium) and is also known as the epicardium when referring to the outermost layer of the heart itself.
pericardial cavity
This is the space between the two layers of the serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers). It contains a small amount of fluid known as pericardial fluid, which lubricates the surfaces of the heart as it moves within the pericardium during each heartbeat.
peritoneum
The peritoneum refers to a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.
It consists of two layers:
Parietal peritoneum: This layer lines the walls of the abdominal cavity.
Visceral peritoneum: This layer covers the abdominal organs (viscera).
peritoneal cavity
The peritoneal cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum.
It contains a small amount of serous fluid, known as peritoneal fluid, which allows the abdominal organs to slide against each other and the abdominal wall without friction during movements such as digestion and breathing.
When we refer to the "pleural cavity," "pericardial cavity," or "peritoneal cavity," we are specifically referring to the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the respective serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum). These cavities contain a small amount of serous fluid, which lubricates the membranes and reduces friction during movements of the organs or structures they surround.
Name two main body cavities and sub body cavities
Two largest body cavities ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity
Dorsal Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
Ventral Cavity
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are divided by diaphragm
Name and describe parts of Thoracic Cavity
right and left plura
Contain the right and left lung. Serous membrane. Visceral pleura layer forms the surface of the lungs. Parietal pleura lines the inside of the rib cage. Pleural fluid fills the pleural cavity.
Mediastinum
space between the two plural cavities. Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus. Lower portion contains pericardium
pericardium
contains the heart. Serous membrane. Visceral pericardium layer of membrane forms the surface of the heart. Pericardial fluid fills pericardial space.
Name and describe subcavities of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. There is no physical barrier between the two cavities.
abdominal cavity
- contains digestive organs
The peritoneum is within the abdominal cavity. It is a serous membrane. The parietal peritoneum lines the cavity wall. The visceral peritoneum is called the mesentery at points where it forms a translucent membrane.
pelvic cavity
contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
define mesentery
double layer of visceral peritoneum attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. Holds intestines together
retroperitoneal space: location, organs
Anatomical space posterior the peritoneam. Organs within retroperitoneal have peritoneum on the anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentary in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum are retroperitoneal.
contains: pancreas, kidney, ureters, and parts of digestive tract (ascending / descending colon, duodenum)
Parts of a cell
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- Cilia: Hair-like structures on the surface of some cells that move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface.
- Lysosome: An organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
- Centrioles: Cylindrical structures that help organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
- Microtubules: Hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support and play a role in cell movement and division.
- Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubular membranes involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
- Mitochondria: Organelles that produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of membranes with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and processing.
- Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains organelles and is the site of most cellular activities.
- Nucleolus: A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and ribosome assembly begins.
- Chromatin: A complex of DNA and proteins in the nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
- Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material and controls its activities.
Name The Three Membrane Types
- serous: Lines internal cavities. Has parietal layer parietal layer (covers cavity wall), visceral layer (covers organ)
- Mucous membrane: Lines cavities that open to the outside
- Cutaneous membrane: Skin
deffine diffusion
The net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Osmosis
The spontaneous net movement/diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
body region: scapula
scapular region
body region: lower back
lumbar region
body region: spinal chord
vertebral region
body region: mid chest
sternal region
body region: back of hand
metacarpal region
body region: hip
coxal region
body region: posterior knee joint
popliteal region
body region: top of foot
metatarsal region
body region: sacrum
sacral region
body region: between anus and external genital
perineal region
4 classes of macromolecules
- Carbohydrates: simple sugars and large polymers. Monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, polysaccharide
- Lipids: fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Glyceroles, phospholipids, sterols (cholesterol)
- proteins: polymers of amino acids
- nucleic acids: polymers of nucleotdies
Define situs inversus
is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions.
In individuals with situs inversus, the heart, liver, stomach, spleen, and other organs are located on the opposite side of the body compared to their usual positions.
For example, the heart, which is typically on the left side of the chest, is located on the right side in a person with situs inversus.
define set point
A set point refers to the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates to maintain homeostasis.
define an eponym
An eponym is a word or phrase that derives from the name of a person, often the discoverer or inventor of a concept, technique, device, or disease.
The trend to replace eponyms with more descriptive names arises for several reasons:
- increase clarity
- precision
- and objectivity
Describe where exactly you find
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
Visceral pericardium – The visceral pericardium will cover the surface of the heart.
Parietal pericardium – Lines the fibrous pericardium, a rough outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart.
Visceral pleura – The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
Parietal pleura – Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
Visceral peritoneum – covers the surface of abdominal organs. It adheres closely to organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen.
Parietal peritoneum – lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall, it lines the abdominal cavity.
Name subregions of cephalic region
frontal
orbital
nasal
oral
mental
otic
occipital
body region: back of head
occipital region
Name subregions of thoracic region
sternal
axillary
mammary
Name subregions of of abdominal region
umbilical
Name subregions of pelvic region
inguinal
name subregions of upper limb
- acromial
- brachial
- antecubital
- olecranal
- antebrachial
- carpal
name subregions of manus region
- pollex
- metacarpal
- palmar
- digital
name regions of lower limb
- coxal
- femoral
- patellar
- popliteal
- crural
- sural
- fibular / peroneal
body region: lateral leg
fibular / peroneal region
name subregions of pedal region
- tarsal
- calcaneal
- metatarsal
- digital
- plantar
- hallux
name subregions of dorsal region
- scapular
- vertebral
- lumbar
- sacral
- gluteal
- perineal
Anatomy of colon
endothelium
mesothelium
endothelium: Epithelium. Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. Thin and flat. Allow efficient exchange of gases, nutrients and waste. Located on the interior surface of blood vessels and in lymphatic vessels
mesothelium Epithelium: Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. Flat, form a single layer, and secrete a lubricating fluid. Lines serous cavities of body.
both arise from mesoderm germ layer