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A&P > Week 1 - Language of Anatomy & Organ Systems > Flashcards

Week 1 - Language of Anatomy & Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

Define Physiology

A

Describes the structure of the body.

composition
location
associated structures

Is the study of the functions of anatomical structures. Both individual and cooperative.

structure determines function

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2
Q

Ways to study anatomy
7

A

exploratory surgery

medical imaging
viewing the body without surgery

gross anatomy
study of structure that can be seen with the naked eye

histology
examination of tissue with microscope

histopathology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

cytology
study of structure and function of cells

ultrastructure
view detail under electron microscope

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3
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis describes the process by which biological systems maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It a state of dynamic equilibrium, regulatory mechanisms detect deviations from a set point to bring the system back into equilibrium.

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4
Q

Explain the types of homeostatic Regulation

A

intrinsic regulation / auto-regulation
automatic response in a cell tissue or organ to an environmental change. Organ maintains homeostasis within itself. Is Fast but limited.

heart controls heart rate -> stretch receptors in heart -> nerve / electrical impulses -> sinoatrial node releases electrical impulses -> received by cardiac muscle to adjust heart beast.

extrinsic regulation
response controlled by nervous (blood pressure) and endocrine system (blood glucose). Response of nervous system is fast. Endocrine system slower.

Blood pressure -> baroreceptors in blood vessels walls detect changes send signal to the brain -> received by medulla oblongata -> sends nervous signals through the autonomic nervous system -> muscles in blood vessel wall adjust diameter

Blood glucose -> glucose-sensing receptors in the pancreas detect chantes in blood/glucose -> In response beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin -> muscle and liver respond to insulin either increasing or decreasing glucose storage.

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5
Q

What does a homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of?

A
  1. receptor: receives the stimulus
  2. control center: process the signal and sends instructions
  3. effector: carries out instructions

regulation limits fluctuations to keep them close to a set point

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6
Q

Two types of feedback

A

positive Feedback
response of the effector negates the stimulus. Body is brought back into homeostasis. Normal range maintained.

temperature regulation / blood pressure regulation

negative feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions. Body is brought out of homeostasis. Normal range is not maintained.

blood clotting / childbirth

Feedback Loop
Stimulus -> sensor -> control center -> effector

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7
Q

Define dynamic equilibrium

A

Dynamic equilibrium refers to a state of balance in a system where ongoing processes occur at equal rates, resulting in no overall change in the system. It involves continuous movement and exchange, but the system remains stable because the rates of forward and backward reactions or processes are equal.

In terms of homeostasis

refers to a state where internal conditions within an organism are maintained within a narrow and optimal range despite external fluctuations, it is a state of continual adaptation.

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8
Q

Describe the Levels of Organization from Chemical to Organismal

A

Atoms -> Molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

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9
Q

Name the Organ Systems

A

DRUMERSLINC

Digestive
Rreproductive
Urinary
Muscular
Endocrine
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular

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10
Q

Integumentary name major organs and function

A

Major Organs
Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands, Nails

Functions
1. Protection against environmental hazards
2. Regulates body temperature
3. Provides sensory information

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11
Q

Skeletal name major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, bone marrow

Functions
- Provides support and protection for other tissues
- Stores calcium and other minerals
- Forms blood cells

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12
Q

Muscular name major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Functions
- Provides movement
- Provides protection and support for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature

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13
Q

Nervous System major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
Brain and spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Functions
- Directions immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
- Provides and interprets sensory information

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14
Q

Endocrine major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- Pituitary (makes and stores hormones), thyroid (produces hormones), and adrenal glands (produce hormones)
- Pancreas (produce insulin) and gonads (produce sex hormones)
- Endocrine tissue in other systems

Functions
- Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
- Controls many structural and functional changes during development

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15
Q

Cardiovascular major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels

Functions
- Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Distributes heat to control body temperature

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16
Q

Lymphatic major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- spleen (stores / filters blood. Makes white blood cells)
- thymus (creates immune cells, t cells)
- lymphatic vessels (transport lymph / white blood cells)
- lymph nodes (contain lymphocytes)
- tonsils (first line of defense / contain white blood sells)

Functions
- defends against infection and disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

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17
Q

Respiratory major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi (air windpipe -> lungs), lungs, alveaoli (air sac, rapid gas exchange)

Functions
- Delivers air to alveoli
- Provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds of communication

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18
Q

Digestive major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- Teeth, tongue, pharynx (throat), esophagus (move food and liquids from throat to stomach), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder (site of bile), pancreas(enzymes to break down food)

pharynx is part of digestive and respiratory, shared pathway for food and air

Functions
- process and digest food
- absorb and conserve water
- absorb nutrients
- store energy reservers

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19
Q

Urinary Major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions
- excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

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20
Q

Male Reproductive major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- testes, epididymis, ductus, deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

Functions
- produce male sex cells, seminal fluids and hormones
- sexual intercorse

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21
Q

Female reproduce major organs and functions

A

Major Organs
- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

Functions
- produce female sex cells and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provides milk to nourish newborn infant
- sexual intercourse

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22
Q

Define Anatomical position, supine and prone

A

Anatomical position
hands at sides, palms forward

supine
lying down, face up

prone
lying down, face down

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23
Q

body region: forehead

A

frontal region

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24
Q

body region: head

A

cephalic region

subdivided into cranial and facial

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25
body region: skull
**cranial region**
26
body region: face
**facial region**
27
body region: nose
**nasal region**
28
body region: eye
**ocular region / orbital region**
29
body region: ear
**otic region**
30
body region: neck
**cervical region**
31
body region: mouth
**oral region**
32
body region: chin
**mental region**
33
body region: armpit
**axillary region**
34
body region: upper arm
**brachial region**
35
body region: front of elbow
**antecubital region** *soft side*
36
body region: chest
**thoracic region**
37
body region: breast
**Mammary region**
38
body region: abdomen
**Abdominal Region**
39
body region: naval
**umbilical region**
40
body regions in Trunk
- Thoracic - Mammary - abdominal - umbilical - pelvic
41
body region: forarm
**antebrachial region**
42
body region: wrist
**carpal region**
43
body region: palm
**palmar region**
44
body region: thumb
**pollex region**
45
body region: fingers
**digital region**
46
body region: pelvis
**pelvic region**
47
body region: hand
**manus region** includes *palmer*, *pollex*, and *digits*
48
body region: kneecap
**patellar region**
49
body region: shin
**crural region**
50
body region: ankle
**tarsal region**
51
body region: toes
**digital region**
52
body region: big toe
**hallux region**
53
body region: groin
**inguinal region**
54
body region: pubis
**pubic region**
55
body region: thigh / knee up
**Femoral region**
56
body region: foot
**pedal region**
57
body region: shoulders
**acromial region**
58
body region: back
**dorsal region**
59
body region: back of elbow
**olecranal region**
60
body region: arm -> entire
**upper limb region**
61
body region: leg -> entire
**lower limb region**
62
body region: butt
**gluteal region**
63
body region: back of knee
**popliteal region**
64
body region: calf
**sural region**
65
body region: heel of foot
**calcaneal region**
66
body region: sole of foot
**plantar region**
67
Abdominopelvic Quadrants - name organs in each
**Right upper quadrant** - Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines **Right Lower Quadrant** cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, ascending colon, right ovary / right spermatic cord, right ureter **Left Upper Quadrant** Left lob of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, descending colon **Left Lower Quadrant** Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, left ovary / left spermatic cord
68
Abdominal Regions
- Right hypochondriac region: **right Liver, gallbladder, right kidney / adrenal glands**, small intestine - Right lumbar region: **ascending colon / right colon, right liver (tip), right kidney**, - Right iliac region: **cecum, appendix, ascending colon**, small intestine - epigastric region: parts of **Stomach**, **Pancreas**, transverse colon, parts of adrenal glands, a bit of the left liver. - umbilical region: Parts of small intestine, **duodenum (first part of small intestine)** - hypogastric region: **bladder**, sigmoid colon, small intestine, **reproductive organs** - left hypochondriac region: **left liver, left kidney / adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, pancreas** - left lumbar region: descending colon, **descending colon, left kidney**, - left -iliac region: sigmoid colon, **descending colon**, small intestines *right liver is in right hypochondriac and right lumbar. Left liver only in left hypochondriac*
69
Directional Terms: Anterior / Posterior
anterior / posterior indicate front and back **anterior** towards the front. Abdominal muscles are on the anterior side of the body **posterior** towards the back.
70
Directional Terms: Cranial (superior) / Caudal (inferior)
**superior / cranial** towards the head of the body **inferior / caudal** away from the head
71
Directional Terms: Medial / Lateral
**medial** toward the midline of the body **lateral** away from the midline of the body
72
Directional Terms: Proximal / Distal
**proximal** closest or nearest the point of origin of a structure, such as a limb in relation to the trunk **distal** away from the attachment point of the structure. *go the distance with distal* *used mainly for limbs*
73
Directional Terms: Appendicular / Axial
**Appendicular** Refers to the appendages or limbs of the body, **Axial** Refers to the central axis of the body. It includes the head, neck, and trunk
74
Directional Terms: Superficial / Deep
**superficial** a position closer to the surface of the body. Skin is superficial to bones **Deep** describes a position further away from the surface of the body.
75
Name and Describe the three sectional planes
1. Frontal or coronal plane. Separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. 2. sagittal plane. Separates right and left portions. **midsagittal exact halfs** **parasagitall unequal parts** 3. transverse or horizontal plane. Separates superior and inferior portions of the body
76
define serous membrane, give function, name sub layers
**serous membrane** a mesothelial tissue which lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum *composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar connective tissue (subserous fascia)* **parietal layers** line the walls of the body cavity **visceral layers** cover the organs -> the viscera between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin fluid-filled space called the **serous space** **the reduce friction between organs and cavity wall and provide cushioning against mechanical shocks.**
77
Name Three Serous Cavities
**Pleura** surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity and reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall. **pericardium** The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava). It provides protection to the heart and anchors it in place within the thoracic cavity **Fibrous Pericardium**: The outer layer of the pericardium is tough and fibrous. It is composed of dense connective tissue and helps protect the heart and prevent overdistension. **Serous Pericardium**: The inner layer of the pericardium is a thin, double-layered membrane consisting of: Parietal Layer **parietal pericardium**: This lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. Visceral Layer (Epicardium) **visceral pericardium**: This layer adheres closely to the surface of the heart (epicardium) and is also known as the epicardium when referring to the outermost layer of the heart itself. **pericardial cavity** This is the space between the two layers of the serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers). It contains a small amount of fluid known as **pericardial fluid**, which lubricates the surfaces of the heart as it moves within the pericardium during each heartbeat. **peritoneum** The peritoneum refers to a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It consists of two layers: **Parietal peritoneum**: This layer lines the walls of the abdominal cavity. **Visceral peritoneum**: This layer covers the abdominal organs (viscera). **peritoneal cavity** The peritoneal cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. It contains a small amount of serous fluid, known as **peritoneal fluid**, which allows the abdominal organs to slide against each other and the abdominal wall without friction during movements such as digestion and breathing. ``` When we refer to the "pleural cavity," "pericardial cavity," or "peritoneal cavity," we are specifically referring to the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the respective serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum). These cavities contain a small amount of serous fluid, which lubricates the membranes and reduces friction during movements of the organs or structures they surround. ```
78
Name two main body cavities and sub body cavities
Two largest body cavities **ventral cavity** and the **dorsal cavity** **Dorsal Cavity** - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity **Ventral Cavity** - thoracic cavity - abdominopelvic cavity *thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are divided by diaphragm*
79
Name and describe parts of Thoracic Cavity
**right and left plura** Contain the right and left lung. Serous membrane. **Visceral pleura** layer forms the surface of the lungs. **Parietal pleura** lines the inside of the rib cage. **Pleural fluid** fills the **pleural cavity**. **Mediastinum** space between the two plural cavities. Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus. Lower portion contains **pericardium** **pericardium** contains the heart. Serous membrane. **Visceral pericardium** layer of membrane forms the surface of the heart. **Pericardial fluid** fills **pericardial space**.
80
Name and describe subcavities of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the **abdominal** and **pelvic** cavities. There is no physical barrier between the two cavities. **abdominal cavity** - contains digestive organs The **peritoneum** is within the abdominal cavity. It is a serous membrane. The **parietal peritoneum** lines the cavity wall. The **visceral peritoneum** is called the **mesentery** at points where it forms a translucent membrane. **pelvic cavity** contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
81
define mesentery
**double layer** of **visceral peritoneum** attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. Holds intestines together
82
retroperitoneal space: location, organs
Anatomical space posterior the peritoneam. Organs within retroperitoneal have peritoneum on the anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentary in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum are retroperitoneal. contains: pancreas, kidney, ureters, and parts of digestive tract (ascending / descending colon, duodenum)
83
Parts of a cell *11*
1. **Cilia**: Hair-like structures on the surface of some cells that move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface. 2. **Lysosome**: An organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. 3. **Centrioles**: Cylindrical structures that help organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. 4. **Microtubules**: Hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support and play a role in cell movement and division. 5. **Golgi apparatus**: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell. 6. **Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum**: A network of tubular membranes involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes. 7. **Mitochondria**: Organelles that produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. 8. **Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum**: A network of membranes with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and processing. 9. **Cytoplasm**: The jelly-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains organelles and is the site of most cellular activities. 10. **Nucleolus**: A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and ribosome assembly begins. 11. **Chromatin**: A complex of DNA and proteins in the nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division. 12. **Nucleus**: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls its activities.
84
Name The Three Membrane Types
1. serous: Lines internal cavities. Has parietal layer parietal layer (covers cavity wall), visceral layer (covers organ) 2. Mucous membrane: Lines cavities that open to the outside 3. Cutaneous membrane: Skin
85
deffine diffusion
The net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
86
Osmosis
The spontaneous net movement/diffusion of a **solvent through** a **selectively permeable membrane** from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
87
body region: scapula
**scapular region**
88
body region: lower back
**lumbar region**
89
body region: spinal chord
**vertebral region**
90
body region: mid chest
**sternal region**
91
body region: back of hand
**metacarpal region**
92
body region: hip
**coxal region**
93
body region: posterior knee joint
**popliteal region**
94
body region: top of foot
**metatarsal region**
95
body region: sacrum
**sacral region**
96
body region: between anus and external genital
**perineal region**
97
4 classes of macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates: simple sugars and large polymers. Monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, polysaccharide 2. Lipids: fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Glyceroles, phospholipids, sterols (cholesterol) 3. proteins: polymers of amino acids 4. nucleic acids: polymers of nucleotdies
98
Define situs inversus
is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. In individuals with situs inversus, the heart, liver, stomach, spleen, and other organs are located on the opposite side of the body compared to their usual positions. For example, the heart, which is typically on the left side of the chest, is located on the right side in a person with situs inversus.
99
define set point
A set point refers to the physiological value around which the **normal range** fluctuates to **maintain homeostasis.**
100
define an eponym
An eponym is a word or phrase that derives from the name of a person, often the discoverer or inventor of a concept, technique, device, or disease. The trend to replace eponyms with more descriptive names arises for several reasons: - increase clarity - precision - and objectivity
101
Describe where exactly you find visceral pericardium parietal pericardium visceral pleura parietal pleura visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum
**Visceral pericardium** – The visceral pericardium will cover the surface of the heart. **Parietal pericardium** – Lines the fibrous pericardium, a rough outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart. **Visceral pleura** – The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs. **Parietal pleura** – Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity. **Visceral peritoneum** – covers the surface of abdominal organs. It adheres closely to organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen. **Parietal peritoneum** – lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall, it lines the abdominal cavity.
102
Name subregions of cephalic region
frontal orbital nasal oral mental otic occipital
103
body region: back of head
**occipital region**
104
Name subregions of thoracic region
sternal axillary mammary
105
Name subregions of of abdominal region
umbilical
106
Name subregions of pelvic region
inguinal
107
name subregions of upper limb
- acromial - brachial - antecubital - olecranal - antebrachial - carpal
108
name subregions of manus region
- pollex - metacarpal - palmar - digital
109
name regions of lower limb
- coxal - femoral - patellar - popliteal - crural - sural - fibular / peroneal
110
body region: lateral leg
**fibular / peroneal region**
111
name subregions of pedal region
- tarsal - calcaneal - metatarsal - digital - plantar - hallux
112
name subregions of dorsal region
- scapular - vertebral - lumbar - sacral - gluteal - perineal
113
Anatomy of colon
114
endothelium mesothelium
**endothelium**: Epithelium. Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. Thin and flat. Allow efficient exchange of gases, nutrients and waste. Located on the interior surface of blood vessels and in lymphatic vessels **mesothelium** Epithelium: Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. Flat, form a single layer, and secrete a lubricating fluid. Lines serous cavities of body. *both arise from mesoderm germ layer*

A&P (13 decks)

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