Muscles Flashcards
List Functions of Skeletal Muscles (6)
- Produce skeletal movement
- Maintain posture
- Support soft tissue (think abdominal muscles)
- Guard openings (sphincter muscles / mouth)
- Maintain body temperature (waste heat)
- Store nutrient reserves (proteins -> ketone bodies)
List Properties of Skeletal Muscles (4)
- Electrical excitable - respond to electrical signals
- Contractile
- Extensibility: can be stretched without being damaged
- Elasticity: return to original shape.
List tissue types of skeletal muscles
- Connective Tissues
- Epimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
- Endomysium: Loose areolar connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
- Deep fascia: Dense irregular connective tissue located external to the epimysium, separating muscles and groups of muscles from one another. - nerves - skeletal muscles are voluntary, controlled by central nervous system.
- Blood vessels - supply oxygen, nutrients, and carry away waste
- muscle tissue
Describe skeletal muscle formation and shape
Skeletal muscle is:
- striated
- multi-nucleated (allows for efficient control through length of muscle)
- very long and cylindrical
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed:
- through the fusion of mesodermal stem cells, called myoblasts
Describe Muscle Organization
- Muscles are surround by a dense irregular connective tissue layer called epimysium
- Within muscles there are many muscle fascicles, bundles of muscle fibers (muscle cells) surrounded by perimysium.
- Each muscle cell is surrounded by endomysium and contains many myofibrils, nucleuses, and mitochondria.
The endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together at ends of muscles to form tendons or aponeurosis, connecting muscle to bone.
aponeurosis -> CT sheet
Describe Components of Muscle Fiber / Muscle Cell
- sarcolemma: Muscle cell plasma membrane
- sarcoplasm: Muscle cell cytoplasm
- sarcoplasmic reticulum: specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Stores calcium and regulates calcium release. Sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril.
- terminal cisterna: Enlarged areas of the SR with large amounts of calcium. Are on either side of t-tubules. Release of calcium from cisternae triggers muscle contractions.
- T-tubules: invaginations of the sarcolemma which penetrate into the interior of the muscle fiber surrounding each sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transmit action potential through the cell allowing simultaneous contraction of entire cell.
- Triad: Two terminal cisterna surrounding a t-tubule.
- myofibril: Contractile component, composed of bundles of myofilaments. There are thin and thick filaments.
- mitochondria: energy producers.
- multiple nuclei
Draw / Describe structure of Sarcomeres
- contractile unit of muscle, structural unit of myofibrils.
Thick filaments: Composed primarily of myosin protein, these filaments are responsible for muscle contraction through their interaction with actin.
Thin filaments: Made mainly of actin, along with troponin and tropomyosin, these filaments slide past thick filaments during contraction.
A band: The region of the sarcomere that contains thick filaments, including areas where they overlap with thin filaments.
I band: The lighter region that contains only thin filaments and is divided by the Z disc
Zone of overlap: The area within the A band where thick and thin filaments overlap, crucial for muscle contraction.
H band: The central part of the A band where only thick filaments are present, without any overlapping thin filaments.
M line: The middle line of the sarcomere that anchors and aligns the central part of the thick filaments.
Z disc / z line: The boundary structure of the sarcomere that anchors the thin filaments and connects adjacent sarcomeres.
dArk = A bands
lIght = I bands
Describe structure and function of thin filaments
- F-actin: A polymerized string of G-actin. Active sites on G-actin bind to myosin
- Tropomyosin: A regulatory protein that wraps around actin filaments, blocking myosin binding sites on G-actin when the muscle is relaxed.
- Troponin: A complex of three proteins that binds to tropomyosin and associates with actin. When calcium binds to troponin, it causes a conformational change, shifting tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites on G-actin and enabling muscle contraction
Describe the structure of thick filaments
- primarily composed of myosin (roughly 300) which has a long tail and two globular heads. The tails intertwine to form the filament’s backbone.
- Each myosin head has binding sites for actin (on thin filaments) and ATP. The heads use ATP hydrolysis to pivot and pull thin filaments during contraction.
- Titin, an elastic protein, anchors the thick filaments to the Z-disc, contributing to muscle elasticity and alignment
Describe changes that occur in sarcomere during muscle contraction
- Calcium Ions Released: Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm.
- Troponin Binds Calcium: Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change.
- Tropomyosin Moves: The conformational change in troponin shifts tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites on actin filaments.
- Myosin Binding Sites Exposed: With tropomyosin moved, the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.
- Cross-Bridge Formation: Myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming cross-bridges.
- Power Stroke: Using energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin heads pivot, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.
- Z Discs Move Closer: The Z discs at each end of the sarcomere move closer together.
- I Bands Shorten: The I bands, which contain only thin filaments, shorten.
- H Zone Narrows: The H zone, where only thick filaments are present, becomes narrower.
- A Band Stays the Same: The A band, the length of the thick filaments, remains unchanged.
- Zone of Overlap Increases: The overlap between thick and thin filaments
Define action potential. Describe action potential in muscles
A rapid depolarization and repolarization of the membrane potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron and along a muscle fiber.
- resting membrane potential is between -70 to -90 volts. The sodium potassium ATPase maintains this potential by moving two potassium (K+) ions into the cell and and three sodium (Na+) ions out. It is more negative directly bellow cell membrane surface. There is a higher concentration of Na+ out of the cell (wants to come in) and a higher concentration of K+ in the cell (wants to leave)
- AP reaches synaptic terminal, triggering release of ACh.
- ACh binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, a ligand gated sodium channel.
- sodium enters the cell, causing initial depolarization.
- initial depolarization opens voltage gated sodium channels (around -55mV). More sodium enters the cell, membrane, membrane potential increases to around +30 V.
- AP propagates along sarcolemma (diffusion), and deep into the muscles via T-tubules .
- Depolarization along T-tubules opens voltage gated calcium ion channels in the cisternae of the SR, triggering the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm.
- Ca+ release causes contraction. Allows myosin to bind to action and the muscle to contract.
- Maximum depolarization (+30mV) causes the opening of voltage gated potassium channels, potassium exits the cell, depolarizing the membrane (often overshoots a bit). Around the same time time-dependent inactivation gates close the sodium channels (gates or “reset” when membrane reaches resting potential).
excitation-contraction coupling: Link between electrical signals and muscle contraction
With rapid or continuous stimulation (such as during tetanus), the action potentials occur in quick succession, but the basic sequence of Na⁺ channel activation, inactivation, and K⁺ channel opening still occurs. The channels cycle through their states more frequently, but they do not bypass the inactivation and opening processes. This is why there’s a limit to how rapidly action potentials can occur, defined by the refractory period.
Define synaptic terminal and cleft and motor end plate
synaptic terminal: The end of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored and released into the synaptic cleft.
synaptic cleft: The space between the synaptic terminal of a neuron and the target cell where neurotransmitters are released.
motor end plate: The region of the muscle fiber membrane directly opposite the synaptic terminal of a motor neuron, contains acetylcholine receptors.
Define Acetylcholine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and acetylcholine esterase
acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. In muscle contractions it is released at the the synaptic terminal and binds nicotinic ACh receptors in the motor end plate.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: ligand gated sodium channels in motor end plate. Open when bound to ACh causing initial depolarization of membrane.
acetylcholine esterase: An enzyme located in the synaptic cleft that breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline, terminating the signal at the neuromuscular junction and allowing the muscle to relax.
Describe the contraction cycle
- At resting, myosin heads are in their cocked position and bound to ADP and P. The tropomyosin / troponin complex is blocking the myosin binding sites on G-actin.
- Calcium binds troponin. Causing a conformational change which moves the tropomyosin, exposing G-actin binding sites.
- The myosin head binds the G-actin binding site, creating a cross bridge.
- Myosin releases the bound ADP + P. This causes the myosin head to pivot, pulling the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere (power stroke)
- Myosin then binds ATP causing detachment from the G-actin myosin binding site.
- Myosin cleaves ATP to ADP + P and returns to the resting cocked position.
What factors influence contraction duration
- Duration of the neural stimulus
- Number of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm
- ATP availability
What is the all-or-none principle of muscle fiber contraction
When a muscle fiber is stimulated to the threshold level, it will contract fully (engage in contraction). If that threshold in not reached, no contraction will occur.
Of note the muscle tension depends on how many cross-bridge cycles occur.