Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
simple squamous
- pavement epithelium. The specimen is a whole mount of then mesentery stained with silver to outline the individual cells.
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
simple columnar
- absorption (digestive track simple columnar epithelial with microvilli increase the surface area for efficient absorption of water / nutrients)
- secretion (both ciliated and non ciliated) (lines some glands / glandular ducts. simple cuboidal also in glands) (in digestive track secrete mucous and digestive enzymes)
- transport (cilia move in a coordinated manner to transport substances along the epithelial surface.)
non-ciliated / with microvilli
stomach, intestine, gallbladder (absorbs water), collecting ducts kidneys (absorb water and various ions)
ciliated
- bronchi (cilia help move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs.),
- uterine tubes (cilia help move oocyte through fallopian tube)
cilia moves mucous and other substances. Microvilli (non-ciliated) increases surface area for absorption
Pseudostratified epithelium
stratified squamous
Keratinized
simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
- ducts of sweat glands (secretory portion simple cuboidal, ductal portion stratified), ducts of salivary glands (smaller ducts simple cuboidal, larger stratified)
Pseudostratified epithelium
- trachea, nasal cavity, bronchi
- typically includes mucus secreting goblet sells, cilia aid in movement along the surface
adipose connective tissue
Cell Type: leukocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells
Fiber Type: Collagen, elastic fibers
Fiber arrangement: Sparse arrangement
Function: Energy storage, thermal insulation, cushioning
Location: Subcutaneous layer, around organs, in the bone marrow, around some joints, around some blood vessels
transitional epithelium stretched
- specialized to stretch and expand without tearing.
- found in urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
- often elastic connective tissue found underneath.
simple squamous
loose areolar connective tissue
All fiber types, often has mast cells
- supports and binds tissues, holds organs in place, provides elasticity
- found in hypodermis, subserous fascia, the lamina propia (mucus membrane)
Pseudostratified epithelium
adipose connective tissue
Cell Type: leukocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells
Fiber Type: Collagen, elastic fibers
Fiber arrangement: Sparse arrangement
Function: Energy storage, thermal insulation, cushioning
Location: Subcutaneous layer, around organs, in the bone marrow, around some joints, around some blood vessels
loose areolar connective tissue
Cell Types: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells, Adipocytes. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Fiber Types: Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
Fiber arrangement: Loose, random network. Mesh like
Functions: Supports and binds tissues; holds organs in place; provides elasticity
Locations: Beneath epithelial tissues, surrounding organs, between muscles fibers, subserous membrane, laminated propia of mucus membranes
composed of fibroblasts and many other cell types with loosely intertwined collagen, elasalstic, and reticular fibers. semi-fluid ground substance
strength / elastic support
reticular CT
Cell types: Reticular cells (type of fibroblast), macrophages, lymphocytes
fiber types: Reticular fibers
fiber arrangement: network of thin fibers, branching and mesh-like.
functions: Forms a supporting framework of organs and forms net to capture microbes and worn-out blood cells
locations: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
reticular CT
Cell types: Reticular cells (type of fibroblast), macrophages, lymphocytes
fiber types: Reticular fibers
fiber arrangement: network of thin fibers, branching and mesh-like.
functions: Forms a supporting framework of organs and forms net to capture microbes and worn-out blood cells
locations: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Dense irregular
Cell Type: Fibroblasts
Fiber Type: collagen
fiber arrangement: irregular / wavy
function: provides multi-directional strength
location: dermis of skin (reticular layer), periostea and perichondria
stratified cuboidal
- ducts of sweat glands (secretory portion simple cuboidal, ductal portion stratified), ducts of salivary glands (smaller ducts simple cuboidal, larger stratified)
Dense irregular
Cell Type: Fibroblasts
Fiber Type: collagen
fiber arrangement: irregular / wavy
function: provides multi-directional strength
location: dermis of skin (reticular layer), periostea and perichondria
Dense irregular
Cell Type: Fibroblasts
Fiber Type: collagen
fiber arrangement: irregular / wavy
function: provides multi-directional strength
location: dermis of skin (reticular layer), periostea and perichondria
Dense Regular
Cell Type: Fibroblasts
Fiber Type: collagen fibers
fiber arrangement: parallel arrangement
function: provides strong attachment and tensile strength. Stabilizes bones
locations: Tendons and ligaments
regularly arranged parallel bundles of collagen fibers -> looks very similar to smooth muscle. nuclei are between the fibers. Fibroblasts are often oval
Dense Regular
Cell Type: Fibroblasts
Fiber Type: collagen fibers
fiber arrangement: parallel arrangement
function: provides strong attachment and tensile strength. Stabilizes bones
locations: Tendons and ligaments
regularly arranged parallel bundles of collagen fibers -> looks very similar to smooth muscle
elastic CT
Cell Type: fibroblasts
fiber type: elastic fibers, collagen fibers,
fiber arrangement: wavy dense
function: flexible support
locations: deep to transitional epithelium of bladder, walls of large blood vessels, walls of bronchioles in lungs,
more elastic fibers than collagen -> appears wavy
elastic CT
Cell Type: fibroblasts
fiber type: elastic fibers, collagen fibers,
fiber arrangement: wavy dense
function: flexible support
locations: deep to transitional epithelium of bladder, walls of large blood vessels, walls of bronchioles in lungs,
more elastic fibers than collagen -> appears wavy
Osseous CT
Cell Type: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, osteocytes maintain bone tissue, and osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption.
Fiber type: collagen fibers, primarily type I collagen
Fiber Arrangement: Collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel manner within the bone matrix, providing structural support and resilience
Functions: Support, protection and storage, provides leverage for movement
Locations: All over
Hyaline Cartilage
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae. Normally in clusters of three to four cells.
Fiber type: Type II collagen fibers embedded in gel-like matrix. Normally not visible
fiber arrangement: The collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage are arranged in a fine, homogeneous network throughout the matrix.
Function: Reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints, provides flexibility and support
Locations: Ribs/sternum, nasal cartilage, respiratory tract, articular surfaces of bones
Often covered in perichondrium (layer of connective tissue). Nucleuses are often grouped
The matrix typically stains a light blue or pink with standard histological stains such
Hyaline Cartilage
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae. Normally in clusters of three to four cells.
Fiber type: Type II collagen fibers embedded in gel-like matrix. Normally not visible
fiber arrangement: The collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage are arranged in a fine, homogeneous network throughout the matrix.
Function: Reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints, provides flexibility and support
Locations: Ribs/sternum, nasal cartilage, respiratory tract, articular surfaces of bones
Often covered in perichondrium (layer of connective tissue). Nucleuses are often grouped
The matrix typically stains a light blue or pink with standard histological stains such
transitional epithelium
Elastic CT
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae
Fiber Type: elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers.
Fiber arrangement: branching network embedded within matrix
Function: Provide strength and elasticity, help maintain shape of structures
Location: Outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
prominent chondrocytes network of elastic fibers
Often covered in perichondrium (layer of connective tissue)
The extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage contains a dense network of elastic fibers in addition to type II collagen. The chondrocytes can appear larger and more numerous compared to hyaline cartilage.
Elastic CT
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae
Fiber Type: elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers.
Fiber arrangement: branching network embedded within matrix
Function: Provide strength and elasticity, help maintain shape of structures
Location: Outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
prominent chondrocytes network of elastic fibers
Often covered in perichondrium (layer of connective tissue)
The extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage contains a dense network of elastic fibers in addition to type II collagen. The chondrocytes can appear larger and more numerous compared to hyaline cartilage.
Elastic CT
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae
Fiber Type: elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers.
Fiber arrangement: branching network embedded within matrix
Function: Provide strength and elasticity, help maintain shape of structures
Location: Outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
prominent chondrocytes network of elastic fibers
Often covered in perichondrium (layer of connective tissue)
The extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage contains a dense network of elastic fibers in addition to type II collagen. The chondrocytes can appear larger and more numerous compared to hyaline cartilage.
fibrocartilage
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae
Fiber type: dense network of collagen fibers, primarily type I collagen
Fiber Arrangement: The collagen fibers in fibrocartilage are arranged in thick bundles or layers within the matrix.
Function: Resists compression, bone-bone impact
location: pads of knee joint, between pubic bones, intervertebral discs
*small groups of chondrocytes; thick bundles of collagen fibers.
not covered by perichondrium
fibrocartilage
Cell Type: chondrocyte, which are embedded in lacunae
Fiber type: dense network of collagen fibers, primarily type I collagen
Fiber Arrangement: The collagen fibers in fibrocartilage are arranged in thick bundles or layers within the matrix.
Function: Resists compression, bone-bone impact
location: pads of knee joint, between pubic bones, intervertebral discs
*small groups of chondrocytes; thick bundles of collagen fibers.
not covered by perichondrium
skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
smooth muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
*intercalated discs
cardiac muscle
*intercalated discs
neuron
sebaceous gland
define sb
sebaceous gland
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
- mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to deep pressure and vibration
- they are typically found in the deeper layers of the dermis and in the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). Normally deeper than sweat glands
eccrine sweat gland
- live in the dermis of the skin, dense irregular connective tissue.
eccrine sweat gland
- coiled, tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle, hair bulb, hair root plexus
Describe the anatomy of a hair
- hair shaft visisble part of the hair that extends from the skin. Below the skin surface the hair shaft (the hair root) is surrounded by the hair follicle.
- hair root part of the hair shaft embedded within the skin It is enclosed in the hair follicle.
- hair bulb hair root wides at the base into the hair bulb. This is located deep within the dermis. The bulb contains the hair matrix where actively dividing cells produce new hair cells.
- dermal papilla a bud of vascular connective tissue within the hair bulb. Provides hair with nutrients.
- hair root plexus a network of sensory nerve endings surrounding the base of the hair follicle. Detects light touch.
-hair follicle surrounds and supports the entire portion of the hir located below the skin surface.
- erector pili muscle a bundle of smooth muscle extending from dermal collagen fibers to connective tissue root sheath of the follicle. When the erector pili muscle contracts, it pulls the hair follicle upright, causing the hair to stand on end.
sebaceous gland a small, exocrine gland in the skin that produces and secretes sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair. It utilizes holocrine secretion, where the entire cell disintegrates to release its contents. lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells
hair cell = trichocyte
describe tactil merkel discs and tactile meissner’s corpuscles
tactil merkel discs
Tactile (Merkel) discs, also known as Merkel cell-neurite complexes, are mechanoreceptors involved in the sensation of light touch and texture.
- They are located at the junction between the epidermis and the dermis but specifically within the epidermal layer itself.
meissner’s (tactile) corpuscle
- Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that respond to light touch and low-frequency vibration.
- Oval-shaped and relatively small.
- Located in the upper portion of the dermis, specifically within the dermal papillae.
describe epidermal dendrocyte
Epidermal dendritic cells, commonly known as Langerhans cells, are specialized antigen-presenting immune cells found in the epidermis. They play a critical role in the skin’s immune defense.
Primarily located in the stratum spinosum (the spiny layer) of the epidermis, but can also be found in other layers of the epidermis.
What are the layers of the epidermus?
-
stratum basal
deepest layer, adjacent to the dermis. consistes of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and mitotically active keratinocytes. There are some tactile cells (markal cells) and melanocytes. -
stratum spinosum
Consists of several layers of mitotically active keratinocytes (at base) which become flatter and less mitotically active as they are pushed up. Cells here are held together by desmosomes, providing mechanical strength and resistance to shear forces.
dendritic cells are found throughout this layer.
-
stratum granulosum
Layer directly above the stratum spinosum, keratinocytes are no longer mitotically active. This is the layer where keratinocytes undergo apoptosis. Here epithelial layer is held together by tight junctions, preventing water loss and the entry of pathogens. -
stratum lucidum
Found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Here the keratinocytes have no nuclei nor organelles giving it a pale featureless appearance. -
stratum corneum
consists of layers of dead, scaly fully keratinized cells. A durable surface layer.
boys say girls look cute
tight junctions found in the stratum granulosum and above
basement membrane
The basement membrane is situated directly beneath the stratum basale (basal layer) of the epidermis and above the dermis. Anchors the basal layer of the epithelial to the underlying paillary layer of the dermis (hesmidesmosomes).
- It is an extracellular matrix that supports and anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
- composed of various molecular components produced by epithelial and connective tissue cells.
What are the layers of the dermis
papillary layer
thin layer of areolar tissue in and near dermal papilae. It is loosely organized allowing movement of immune cells. It is rich in small blood vessels. Epidermal ridges mirror dermal papillae
reticular layer
This is the deeper and much thicker layer of the dermis. Consists of dense irregular connective tissue.
- contains eccrine sweat glands which can extend into hypodermis
- contains the majority of the hair follicles, including hair bulb.
- deepest part of dermis can contain pacinian corpuscles
Hypodermis
- bottom layer of skin in your body
- primarily composed of more areolar and adipose tissue
- stores energy, connects the dermis layer to muscles and bones.
- eccrine sweat glands and hair follicles can extend into the hypodermis
- contains pacinian corpuscles.
trachea
The trachea is a tubular structure that begins below the larynx, running down the midline of the neck and into the thoracic cavity
- The trachea provides a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
- the inner lining of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells. The mucus traps dust, microbes, and other particles, while the cilia move the mucus upward toward the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled.
hyaline cartilage
bronchi
The bronchi are the major air passages branching from the trachea into the lungs, consisting of the right and left primary bronchi. The bronchi eventually lead to bronchioles and the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
esophagus
In the neck, the esophagus is generally located posterior (behind) to the trachea. It is slightly to the left but mainly posterior to the trachea.
muscular tube that connects the throat the stomach.
- food transport - carries swallowed food to the stomach.
diaphram
the diaphragm appears as a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) from the abdominal cavity (containing the liver and other digestive organs)
- contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causing a negative pressure gradient drawing air into the lungs
stomach
- The stomach stores ingested food and regulates its passage into the small intestine.
- the stomach secretes gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes (such as pepsin) that break down proteins and other components of food.
yellow tag
spleen
- sits directly below the stomach
- The spleen produces white blood cells called lymphocytes.
- The spleen filters the blood
- lymphatic system
small intestine
The small intestine is a long, coiled tube in the digestive system where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur
large intestine
- The large intestine is the final part of the digestive system, primarily involved in absorbing water and electrolytes and forming and expelling feces
mesentary
double layer of visceral peritoneum
pancreas
The pancreas is situated in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, closely associated with the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and the stomach.
- the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine (duodenum) via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food.
- the pancreas contains clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans, which produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon
lungs
heart
liver
right and left
- part of digestive system
- plays a roll in metabolism, detoxification, and vitamin storage
aorta
- The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
vena cava
the vena cava refers to two large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart: the superior (or cranial) vena cava and the inferior (or caudal) vena cava.
- The superior vena cava is located in the thoracic cavity.
- The superior vena cava is positioned slightly to the right and anterior to the trachea and esophagus.
kidney
urinary bladder
The bladder is situated in the pelvic region, towards the caudal (tail) end of the abdominal cavity. It is medial
scrotum
The scrotum is an external, pouch-like structure that houses the testes. It is typically visible as a small, wrinkled sac
penis
vas deferens
is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates. The ducts transport sperm from the epididymides to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation.
Testes: Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Epididymis: Sperm move from the testes to the epididymis, where they mature and are stored.
Vas Deferens: During ejaculation, sperm are transported from the epididymis through the vas deferens.
Seminal Vesicles: The vas deferens joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. The seminal vesicles contribute fluid that makes up a significant portion of semen.
Ejaculatory Ducts: These ducts pass through the prostate gland, where they receive additional fluid from the prostate.
Urethra: Finally, sperm are expelled through the urethra during ejaculation. The urethra runs through the penis and serves as the exit point for both urine and semen.
vagina
uterine tubes / uterine horns
are paired tubes in the human female body that stretch from the ovaries to the uterus. \The uterine tubes transport the ova (eggs) from the ovaries to the uterus. During ovulation, an ovary releases an egg into the adjacent uterine tube.
Fertilization of the egg by a sperm typically occurs in the ampulla, which is the widest section of the uterine tube.
After fertilization, the ciliated cells lining the uterine tubes help move the fertilized egg (zygote) towards the uterus for implantation.
The uterine tubes provide a nutrient-rich environment that supports the egg and the early stages of the developing embryo before it reaches the uterus.
adrenal glands
ovary
The ovaries produce and release eggs (ova) during the menstrual cycle. This process is called ovulation.
the ovaries secrete important hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, reproductive system, and secondary sexual characteristics.
