Lab Exam 3 Flashcards
List muscles of head and functions (9)
- occipitofrontalis (frontal belly and occipital belly):
- orbicularis oculi:
- temporalis:
- masseter:
- Buccinator:
- Orbicularis Oris:
- Zygomaticus major:
- zygomaticus minor:
- Risorius:
Occipitofrontalis: Frontal belly, occipital belly seperated by epicranial aponeurosis
frontal belly: Elevates the eyebrows from a neutral position, creating horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
occipital belly: Pulls the scalp backward from a neutral position, which smooths the forehead and can lower the eyebrows slightly if the frontal belly is relaxed.
orbicularis oculi
Constricts the eyelids, bringing them together from an open or neutral position. This action includes both gentle closing, such as in blinking, and forceful closing, as in squinting
temporalis
Elevates the mandible from a resting position, closing the jaw. It also retracts the mandible, pulling the lower jaw backward from a protruded position. This action is essential for biting and chewing.
Masseter
Elevates the mandible
from a resting position, closes the jaw.
Buccinator
Compresses the cheek against the teeth, assisting in actions like blowing, sucking, and keeping food between the teeth during chewing. This action pulls the cheek inward from a neutral position
Orbicularis Oris
Closes and purses lips.
Zygomaticus Major
Elevates corner of mouth
Risorius
Draws corner of mouth laterally (smiling / sonrisa)
Sternocleidomastoid
Unilateral action laterally flexes (brings head to shoulders) or rotates the neck, bilateral action flexes the neck forward (nodding)
Anterior, middle and posterior scalenes
Elevate the first and second ribs during inspiration, lateral flexion of the neck (head to shoulder).
List Muscles of the neck / back and functions (10)
- sternocleidomastoid:
- scalenes anterior / middle / posterior:
- Levator Scapulae:
- Trapezius:
- Rhomboid Major:
- Rhomboid Minor:
- Serratus Anterior:
- Erector Spinae longissimus:
- erector spinae iliocostalis:
- erector spinae spinalis:
- Latissimus Dorsi:
Levator Scapulae
Elevates the scapula (raises the shoulder blade toward the ear) from a neutral position.
Trapezius
Elevates / depresses / retracts the shoulder
latissimus dorsi
- Humerus / shoulder adduction: The movement of bringing the humerus closer to the body’s midline.
adducts the humerus from a more overhead or extended position, pulling the arm down toward the body from above, like when pulling something down from above your head.
Rhomboid Major
Retracts the shoulder (scapula adduction) (pulls the shoulder blades toward the spine) from a protracted position.
Rhomboid Minor
Retracts the shoulder (scapula adduction)
pulls the shoulder blades toward the spine
Serratus anterior
Protracts the shoulder (scapulae abduction) (pulls the shoulder blade forward and around the ribcage, as in pushing or punching movements).
erector spinae spinalis
Extends the vertebral column (pulls the spine backward from a flexed position), particularly focusing on the thoracic region. It helps maintain an upright posture.
erector spinae longissimus
directly lateral to spinalis
Extends the vertebral column (pulls the spine backward) and assists in lateral flexion (bends the spine to the side). It also plays a role in the rotation of the head and neck.
erector spinae iliocostalis
ilio costalis branches
Extends the vertebral column (pulls the spine backward) and assists in lateral flexion (bends the spine to the side), particularly affecting the thoracic and lumbar regions. It also helps stabilize the spine during movement.
diaphragms
Contraction increases volume of thoracic cavity
External intercostals
elevates rib cage during inspiration.
Internal intercostals
depresses rib cage during expiration
pectoralis major
horizontally Adducts the humerus
Primarily adducts the humerus from a position where the arm is raised or out to the side (abducted). It pulls the arm toward the body in a more horizontal plane, as in bringing the arms together in front of the chest.
List Muscles of the Anterior Trunk
- Diaphragm:
- External intercostals:
- Internal intercostals:
- Pectoralis major:
- Pectoralis Minor:
- Rectus Abdominis:
- External Oblique:
- transverse abdominis:
pectoralis minor
protracts and depresses shoulder
Protracts the scapula (pulls the shoulder blade forward and around the ribcage) and depresses the scapula (lowers the shoulder blade).
Rectus abdominis
Flexes the vertebral column
brings the torso forward from a neutral or extended position, as in performing a sit-up
external abdominal oblique
Laterally flexes the vertebral column
lateral flexion, flexes torso to one side
internal abdominal oblique
laterally flexes the vertebral column / flexes vertebral column
transverse abdominis
Compresses abdominal wall
draws the abdomen inward
Deltoid
Abducts the humerus (raises the arm away from the body) from a neutral position, particularly from 15 to 90 degrees.
Supraspinatus
abducts humerus
Initiates abduction of the arm (raises the arm away from the body), particularly the first 15 degrees of movement before the deltoid muscle takes over.
Infraspinatus
Lateral rotation of humerus
from anatomical position lateral rotation of the humerus by the infraspinatus muscle rotates the arm so that the palm turns to face outward, away from the body
Teres Major
medial rotation of humerus
medial rotation of humerus: from anatomical position medial rotation causes the palm to turn toward the body / backwards
Teres Minor
Laterally rotates the humerus
works with infraspinatus to laterally rotate humerus, from anatomical position turns palm outward
Subscapularis
medial rotation of humerus
The subscapularis and teres major work together to medially rotate the humerus, turning the upper arm bone inward toward the body’s midline, which causes the palm to turn inward or backward from the anatomical position.
Biceps Brachii
Flexes the elbow
brings the forearm toward the upper shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Deep to biceps, attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula deep to short head of bicep attachment
shoulder flexion
from anatomical position raise arm infront of you (not out to the side)
shoulder / humerus abduction = raising arm to the side
shoulder / humerus flexion = raising arm in front of you
List Muscles of acromial and brachial regions
- Deltoid
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Teres Major
- Subscapularis
- Brachialis
- Biceps Brachii
- Coracobrachialis
- Triceps Brachii
triceps brachii
Extends the elbow
straightens arm from a flexed position
Brachialis
deep to bicep brachii
elbow flexion
List Muscle of the antebrachial region
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
- Flexor Pollicis longus
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- supinator
pronator teres
lateral to flexor carpi radialis and medial to brachioradialis. Goes under brachioradialis
pronation
Rotates the forearm inward, turning the palm downward from a supinated or neutral position.
Flexor carpi radialis
medial to pronator teres. Attaches at thumb side of carpals.
moving medially, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes the wrists
from anatomical position brings hand towards forarm
Palmaris longus
medial to flexor carpi radialus, lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris
weak flexion of wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis
deep to flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus
Flexes fingers and wrists
flexor carpi ulnaris
medial to palmaris longus, wraps to posterior of arm.
Flexes the wrist
bends the wrist forward
flexor pollicis longus
deep and lateral to flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexes the thumb
Brachioradialis
lateral to flexor carpi radialis. The large lateral side of the V formed with pronator teres
Flexes the elbow
brings the forearm toward the upper arm
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
directly lateral and a bit around the arm to the brachioradialis. Attaches at first metacarpal
Extends the wrist
straightens the wrist from a flexed position
Extensor Carpi Radialis brevis
posteriorly adjacent to extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends the wrist
extensor digitorum
between extensor carpi radialis breves and extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends the fingers
straightens the fingers from a flexed position
extensor carpi ulnaris
medial to extensor digitorum, connects at pinky side, lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris
Extends the wrist
straightens the wrist from a flexed position
makes v with flexor carpi ularis (medial)
supinator
deep to brachialradialis
Supinates the forearm
rotates the forearm outward, turning the palm upward from a pronated or neutral position.
List muscles of hip and thigh
- Gluteus Maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Piriformis
- Psoas Major
- Iliacus
- Hamstrings - Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
- Sartorius
- Quadriceps Femoris - Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Tensor Fasciae Latae
Gluteus Maximus
hip extensions / hip abduction
moves the leg backward from a flexed position
Gluteus Medius
Abducts the hip
moves the leg away from the midline of the body
Piriformis
lateral rotation of femur
rotates the thigh outward / from the anatomical position, lateral rotation causes the foot to point outward, away from the midline.
deep to gluteus maximus
Psoas Major
directly medial to iliacus
Flexes the thigh / hip
brings the thigh upward toward the torso
Iliacus
directly lateral to psoas major
Flexes the thigh / hip
brings the thigh upward toward the torso
Hamstrings
Long Head of Biceps Femoris
most lateral
Semitendinosus
middle
Semimembranosus
most medial
Flexes the knee
bends the leg at the knee joint bringing the foot towards the ass
Sartorius
Flexes the thigh / hip
brings the thigh upward toward the torso
Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus femoris
large central muscle
vastus lateralis
lateral to rectus femoris
vastus medialis
medial to rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
deep to rectus femoris
knee extension - from flexed position, straightens leg
Adductor longus
Adducts the thigh / hip
brings the thigh inward toward the body’s midline
Same layer as gracilis (#15), on model adductor magnus is lateral and deep to gricilis
Adductor magnus
Adducts the thigh
It is deep to Gracilis (15), partially covered by adductor longus which is the same layer as gracilis
Gracilis
Hip adduction
Gracilis #15, Adductor magnus #14, Adductor longus medial.
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Hip abduction
It is directly lateral and superior to rectus femoris
List muscles of lower leg
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Popliteus
- tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Fibularis (peroneus) longus
- Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexes the foot
points the toes downward
Soleus
Plantar flexes the foot
points the toes downward, pushing the foot away from the body
Deep to gastrocnemius
Popliteus
Knee flexion
posterior, lateral deep to lateral head of gastrocnemius
26, 28 is tibialis posterior
tibialis posterior
medial to flexor hallucis longus, lateral to flexor digitorum longus
Inverts the foot
turns the sole inward
26 is popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Toe flexion
curls the toes downward
26 popliteus, 29 flexor hallicus longus, 28 tibialis posterior muscle
medial, primarily posterior but can see inferior section from anterior view under soleus
Tibialis anterior
superficial / anterior to tibialis posterior
Dorsiflexes the foot
lifts the foot upward
The picker upper
Extensor digitorum longus
Extends the toes - lifts the toes upward
dorsiflexes the foot - lifts the foot upward
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
lateral to extensor digitorum longus
Everts the foot
turns the sole outward
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
deep to fibularis longus, lateral (pinky side / fibulae) of leg
Everts the foot
turns the sole outward
flexor hallucis longus
Flexes the great toe (hallux)
Axillary Nerve
68
Plexus: Brachial Plexus
Function: Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles, enabling shoulder abduction and rotation, and provides sensory innervation to the skin over the deltoid region.
Radial Nerve
80
Plexus: Brachial Plexus
Function: Innervates the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm, including the triceps brachii and extensor muscles, enabling extension of the elbow, wrist, and fingers, and provides sensory innervation to the posterior arm, forearm, and hand.
Musculocutaneous
70
Plexus: Brachial Plexus
Function: Innervates the muscles of the anterior arm, including the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis, enabling flexion of the elbow, and provides sensory innervation to the lateral forearm.
Median
71
Plexus: Brachial Plexus
Function: Innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some hand muscles, enabling flexion of the wrist and fingers, and provides sensory innervation to the lateral palm and the first three and a half fingers.
ulnar
Plexus: Brachial Plexus
Function: Innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand and some forearm muscles, enabling fine motor control of the hand and fingers, and provides sensory innervation to the medial side of the hand, including the little finger and half of the ring finger.
Femoral
Plexus: Lumbar Plexus
Function: Innervates the anterior thigh muscles, including the quadriceps, enabling extension of the knee, and provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and the medial lower leg via the saphenous nerve
Sacral Plexus
Number 67
Brachial Plexus
61
Obturator
Plexus: Lumbar Plexus
Function: Innervates the medial thigh muscles, including the adductors, enabling adduction of the thigh, and provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh.
sciatic
Plexus: Sacral Plexus
Function: Innervates the posterior thigh muscles, including the hamstrings, enabling thigh extension and knee flexion, and it branches into the tibial and common fibular nerves, which innervate the lower leg and foot.
64
Tibial
Plexus: Sacral Plexus (as a branch of the Sciatic Nerve)
Function: Innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg, including the gastrocnemius and soleus, enabling plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the toes, and provides sensory innervation to the sole of the foot.
Common Fibular
Plexus: Sacral Plexus (as a branch of the Sciatic Nerve)
Function: Innervates the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the lower leg, enabling dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes, and provides sensory innervation to the upper lateral leg and dorsum of the foot.
What nerves are carried in the dorsal root, the ventral root, what is the dorsal root ganglion?
The dorsal root contains sensory neurons.
The ventral root contains motor neurons.
The dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies located in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
What do the ascending and descending tracts convey
The ascending tracts of the white columns convey sensory information to the brain.
The descending tracts of the white columns convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord.
