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Neuroscience > Week 1: Introduction to Neuroscience > Flashcards

Week 1: Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

The main functions of the nervous system are:

A
  • control
  • regulate
  • communicate
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2
Q

The main systems of the nervous system are:

A
  • sensory systems
  • memory systems
  • associational systems
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3
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what are the 2 large divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

The autonomic nervous system contains the:

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • enteric nervous system
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6
Q

The somatic nervous system contains:

A
  • cranial nerves and branches
  • spinal cords and branches
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7
Q

what are the components of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • soma
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • terminal branches
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8
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

What is the function of soma?

A

Dendrites: receive all information!
Soma: where the info from the dendrites is directly related

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9
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock? What is important about this component?

A

axon hillock connects the cell body and the axon.

It acts as a gateway to the axon. This is where the signal can die off or if it is important enough, it will go through to the axon.

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10
Q

what is the job of the axon? What are two important structures that we see here?

A

to pass information along!

nodes of Ranvier and myelin

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11
Q

The job of myelin is to help:

A

speed up the transference

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12
Q

The job of the nodes of Ranvier is to:

A

speed up the signal

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13
Q

This type of neuron has several dendrites and axons and it is considered to be the most common.

A

Multipolar neurons

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14
Q

This type of neuron is sometimes found in the eyes or nose but is overall rare in humans. It classified as a single dendrite and a single axon, has 2 long axons and mostly found in invertebrates.

A

bipolar neurons

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15
Q

These neurons come off the cell body, has bidirectional information, and is typically classified as going TOWARDS the PNS. It is almost exclusively in the PNS.

A

Pseudo Unipolar

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16
Q

Sensory neurons are ___________ signals from the receptor to the CNS.

A

afferent

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory neurons?

A
  • special sensory
  • viscerosensory
  • somatosensory
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18
Q

Which sensory neurons are a conscious transmission from skin, muscle and joint receptors on the cortex?

A

somatosensory

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neurons?

A

efferent signals from CNS to effectors

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20
Q

somatomotor neurons go from CNS to:

autonomic motor neurons go from CNS to:

A
  1. Skeletal muscles (voluntary contractions)
  2. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary contractions)
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A
  • The are found in the brain and spinal cord
  • they are also called associative neurons.
  • the connect sensory and motor neurons and mediate their functions
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22
Q

A reflex is:

A

a unidirectional, rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus.

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23
Q

What is the neural pathway that controls a reflex?

A

sensory receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron → effector

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24
Q

The flexor withdrawal reflex and the myotatic reflexes are types of:

A

Somatic reflexes

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25
Q

The salivary reflex and pupillary reflexes are types of:

A

autonomic reflexes

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26
Q

In the myotatic reflex, what is the purpose of the interneuron?

A

To inhibit motor neurons to the flexor muscles

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27
Q

What is the flexor reflex?

A

painful stimulus → sensory receptor → sensory neuron → interneurons → motor neurons → excitation of flexors, inhibition of extensors

28
Q

what is the crosses extension reflex?

A

painful stimulus → sensory receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron crosses midline → motor neurons → excitation of extensors and inhibition of flexors.

29
Q

Glial cells are support cells. How many glial cells to every neuron?

A

10

30
Q

What are the 4 CNS glia or neuroglia?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
31
Q

Astrocytes are crucial structures because:

A
  • support cells
  • they are insulators
  • assist with tissue repair
  • impact neurotransmitter activity
  • assist with the blood brain barrier
32
Q

Ependymal cells line the ventricle and central canal of the walls. What structure do they form?

A

Choroid plexus

33
Q

What is the importance of CSF as it relates to Ependymal cells?

A

Ependymal cells help facilitate CSF exchange and these cells also aid in production of CSF.

34
Q

Microglia are the:

A

macrophages of CNS

35
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS myelin creation

One cell can myelinate multiple axons

36
Q

astrocytes are the CNS equivalent of PNS structures called:

A

satellite cells

37
Q

The myelin is a:

A

mixture of proteins and phospholipids that wrap around the axon, forming a white insulating sheath.

38
Q

The myelin is not continuous. Instead, what structures run between the discontinuities of the myelin sheath?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

39
Q

The nodes of ranvier:

A

enable regeneration of action potentials and facilitates saltatory transmissions.

40
Q

What is the synapse?

A

a space for neurons to interact with each other. It can also be a space for neurons to interact with a target organ.

41
Q

What are the 3 components of a synapse?

A
  • presynaptic nerve terminals
  • post synaptic element - dendrite, cell body, target cell
  • synaptic cleft
42
Q

what are the characteristics of an electrical synapse?

A
  • bidirectional
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions have large diameter pores for access
  • very fast communication but short latency
  • less common in nervous system than chemical synapses
43
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical synapses?

A
  • greater distance between neurons (synaptic cleft)
  • slower process
  • receptor specific communication
44
Q

why are there more chemical synapses in the body than electrical synapses?

A

chemical synapses are more controlled, efficient and specific.

45
Q

What is occurring at stage 1?

A

transmitter is synthesize and then stored in vesicles

46
Q

what is occurring at stage 3?

A

depolarization of presynaptic terminal causing opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels

47
Q

In step 6, that transmitter is being released via:

A

exocytosis

48
Q

What is occuring in stage 5 of this picture?

A

Ca2+ is causing the vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membranes

49
Q

What ion is more prevalent intracellularly?

A

K+

50
Q

Which ions are more prevalent as extracellular components and have crucial roles in maintaining the resting membrane?

A

Cl - and Na+

51
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials:

A
  • cause depolarization of the cell
  • increase the likelihood of Na+ coming into the cell
  • increase likelihood of postsynaptic action potential
52
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials:

A
  • cause hyperpolarization of the cell
  • increases likelihood of Cl - going in the cell and hyperpolarizing
  • decreases likelihood of postsynaptic action potential
53
Q

What are temporal summations?

A

little graded potentials that build up

54
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

2 graded potentials that happen at the same time

55
Q

conduction velocity of the myelin sheath is dependent on:

A
  • fiber diameter
  • presence of myelin
  • thickness of myelin
  • fiber classification
56
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A

carry messages from neuron to neuron

57
Q

Glutamate is the primary:

What is it involved in?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter.

excitatory brain functions, learning, memory and synaptic plasticity

58
Q

Acetylcholine is vital to:

A

muscle contractions, autonomic functions, wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, sexuality

59
Q

GABA is the primary:

It has functions in:

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

  • inhibiting motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
  • sedation
  • reducing fear, anxiety and stress
  • pain inhibition
60
Q

Glycine is ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

only ionotropic.

61
Q

Where is glycine found?

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

62
Q

What is the specific PNS centered neuron?

A

Epinephine

63
Q

Which catecholamine is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

dopamine

64
Q

serotonin has a correlation to:

A
  • sleep quality
  • Gi motility
  • mood stabilizer
65
Q

histamine is secreted:

A

in the hypothalamus but also found throughout the rest of the body.

66
Q

Histamine is ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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