Week 1: Introduction

Question 1

the process of growing old; the rate and magnitude of change in each system of the body

Answer 1

Aging

Question 2

the study of social, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging

Answer 2

Gerontology

Question 3

healthcare concerned with the aging

Answer 3

Geriatrics

Question 4

the average length of life a kind of organism or of a material object especially in a particular environment of under specific circumstances; the duration of existence of an individual

Answer 4

Life span

Question 5

the number of years a person is expected to live based on statistical average. It is affected by geographical area and era, lifestyle, genetics, gender, access to healthcare, diet/nutrition, economical status, occupation, physical condition, and activity (average= 78.8 yrs)

Answer 5

Life expectancy

Question 6

the length of time a person has lived measured in years, months, and days from the date the person was born

Answer 6

Chronological age

Question 7

measure of how well or poorly your body is functioning relative to your actual calendar age. Takes into consideration objective measures like resting HR, BP, and visual acuity, as well as subjective criteria like ease of performing daily tasks, muscle strength, and general mobility

Answer 7

Physiological age

Question 8

condition or process of deterioration with age, state of being old, or process of becoming old

Answer 8

Senescence

Question 9

What are the categories of elderly?

Answer 9

Young old (60-75), Old (75-85), and Old old (85+)

Question 10

negative perception of older adults based on their age alone. The subtle negative attitudes towards older adults that are often identified among health care practitioners become more obvious and influential when old age is combined with the perception of the patient as having low motivation, poor compliance, and poor prognosis

Answer 10

Ageism

Question 11

most developed countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years, UN accepts 60+

Answer 11

Older adult

Question 12

multidimensional, encompassing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities.

Answer 12

Successful aging

Question 13

within the category of normal aging, aging that occurs when extrinsic factors heighten the effects of aging alone (how rapidly a person ages is a product of their lifestyle choices)

Answer 13

Usual aging

Question 14

the capacity to function across many domains- physical, functional, cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual- to ones satisfaction and in spite of ones medical conditions

Answer 14

Optimal aging

Question 15

decline in overall physiological ability, observed with increased aging

Answer 15

Slippery slope of aging

Question 16

What are the 4 functional status thresholds?

Answer 16

Fun (highest level, unrestricted participation) → Function (can still accomplish most work/home activities, but possible not leisure activities) → Frailty (majority of physical capacity consists of completion of ADLs with significant limitations in participation of activities) → Failure (assistance required for basic ADLs, possibility of being completely bedridden)

Question 17

the state of being subject to death

Answer 17

Mortality

Question 18

the quality of being unhealthful (diseased); the relative incidence of disease taking into account disease normalcy for age group

Answer 18

Morbidity

Question 19

basic self-care; personal hygiene; everyday routines involving functional mobility

Answer 19

Activities of daily living

Question 20

areas that are essential to living independently as an adult (cooking, shopping, washing, housekeeping, ability to drive, etc.)

Answer 20

Instrumental activities of daily living

Question 21

assess ones ability to carry out activities that require physical actions, ranging from self-care to more complex activities that require a combination of skills, often with social context; measures level of disability a person presents with taking into consideration chronic diseases, age, etc.

Answer 21

Physicial function

Question 22

patterns of behavior that emerge over long periods of time during which an individual experienced functional limitation to such a degree that an inability to fulfill desire social roles resulted

Answer 22

Disability

Question 23

chronic condition in older adults that occurs in at least 80% of the population, with 50% having two or more conditions: arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hearing and vision impairments, and fractures

Answer 23

Prevalent chronic conditions

Question 24

decreased mobility (transfers), hearing impairments, visual changes, decreased reaction time (increased risk of falls), difficulty with ADLs, IADLS, and work. Higher in obese, nonwhites, women, or lower socioeconomic status

Answer 24

Prevalent activity limitations

Question 25

a disorder or incorrectly functioning organ or system, which results from the effect of developmental errors, infection, lack or adequate nutrition, critical environmental factors, illness, or sickness

Answer 25

Disease

Question 26

simultaneous presence of 2 or more chronic disease or conditions (related or unrelated)

Answer 26

Comorbidity

Question 27

What were the 3 leading causes of death in 1980?

Answer 27

1. Heart disease 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Cerebrovascular disease

Question 28

What were the 3 leading causes of death in 2013?

Answer 28

1. Heart disease 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory disease

Question 29

What are the categories involved in basic actions difficulty?

Answer 29

movement, emotional, sensory, or cognitive functioning

Question 30

____% of individuals over 65 have at least 1 chronic condition.

Answer 30

80%

Question 31

What are the 3 categories of theories on aging?

Answer 31

Developmental-genetic, Stochastic, New

Question 32

Theory: there is a limited amount of cell population doublings, the average being fifty per life cycle of the cell

Answer 32

Hayflick Limit Theory

Question 33

Theory: an expansion of natural selection and states that each successive generation is more resistant to mutations and when mutations occur, they occur at a later age

Answer 33

Evolutionary Theory of Aging

Question 34

Theory: survival into old age is enhanced by high vitality and resilience due to an underlying resistance to stress by the genes

Answer 34

Stress Theory

Question 35

Theory: functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones are central to the aging process

Answer 35

Neuroendocrine Theory

Question 36

Theory: each species has specific characteristics of its genes that regulate the rate of errors, thereby affecting the lifespan

Answer 36

Theory of Mutagenesis

Question 37

Theory: The functional capacity of the immune system declines with age as a result of reduced T-cell function

Answer 37

Immunological Theory

Question 38

Theory: aging changes are due to damage caused by free radicals

Answer 38

Free Radical Theory

Question 39

Theory: a life committed to a high-nutrient & low-calorie diet is beneficial and longer

Answer 39

Caloric Restriction Theory

Question 40

Theory: any accident or error in either the machinery or the process of making proteins would cascade in multiple effects that would be incompatible with proper function and life

Answer 40

Error Theory of Aging

Question 41

Theory: biological age changes are a result of errors accumulating in genes. An accumulation of these takes over the system until it is exhausted

Answer 41

Redundant DNA Theory

Question 42

Theory: mutations or genetic damage result from radiation and these accumulate and create functional failure and death

Answer 42

Somatic Mutation Theory

Question 43

Theory: a control mechanism responsible for the appearance and the sequence of aging exists in the nuclear chromatin complex

Answer 43

Transcription Theory

Question 44

Theory: the large reactive proteins such as collagen cross-link & are responsible for aging

Answer 44

Cross-Linkage Theory

Question 45

Theory: prolonged sleep loss effects homeostasis & species’ ability to repair tissue

Answer 45

Sleeping and Aging

Question 46

Theory: there is too much growth hormone and not enough insulin, which leads to a less healthy and shorter life

Answer 46

The Hormonal Imbalance-Growth Factor Exposure Theory

Question 47

Theory: the length of the telomere is predictive of life span for that cell and ultimately of that organism

Answer 47

Telemeres Theory

Question 48

Theory: there is a strong relationship between genetic influences and longevity

Answer 48

Progress of Cell Culture Aging Models Theory

Question 49

Theory: normal people carry variants of the gene that influence the life spans or predispose them to an early death

Answer 49

Werner Syndrome Theory

Question 50

What are the key elements of evidence informed practice?

Answer 50

1. best available evidence 2. clinical experience and judgement 3. patient preferences and motivation

Question 51

What are the 5 steps of evidence based practice?

Answer 51

Ask, Find, Appraise, Apply, Evaluate

Question 52

What does PICOTT stand for?

Answer 52

Patient/Population/Problem, Intervention/PrognosticFactor, Comparison to Intervention, Outcome, Type of Question you're asking, Type of study you want to find

Question 53

What are the types of questions/domains?

Answer 53

``` Therapy/Treatment Diagnosis Prognosis Harm/Etiology Prevention Quality Improvement ```

Question 54

What type of study is used for selection of treatments or interventions that do more good than harm and that are worth the effort and cost (therapy/treatment)?

Answer 54

- Double blind randomized controlled trial | - Systematic Review/Meta Analysis

Question 55

What type of study is used for selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests in order to confirm or exclude a diagnosis based on considering their precision, accuracy, acceptability, expense, safety, etc. (Diagnosis)?

Answer 55

- Controlled Trial | - Systematic Review/Meta Analysis

Question 56

What type of study is used for estimation of a patient's likely clinical course over time and anticipation of likely complications of disease (Prognosis)?

Answer 56

- Cohort studies: case control, case series

Question 57

What type of study is used for identification of causes or risk factors for disease (Harm/etiology)?

Answer 57

- Cohort studies

Question 58

What type of study is used for prevention?

Answer 58

- Randomized controlled trial: cohort studies

Question 59

What type of study is used for quality improvement?

Answer 59

- Randomized controlled trials

Question 60

What are the different types of evaluation criteria?

Answer 60

Credibility (internal validity) Transferability (external validity) Dependability (reliability) Confirmability (objectivity)

Question 61

Which type of eval criteria looks at truth and quality and asks "can you believe the results?"

Answer 61

Credibility

Question 62

Evaluation Criteria: were patients randomized? Were patients analyzed in the groups to which they were originally randomized? Were patients in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?

Answer 62

Credibility

Question 63

Which type of eval criteria looks at external validity and asks "can the results be transferred to other situations?"

Answer 63

Transferability

Question 64

Evaluation Criteria: were patients in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Was there a blind comparison with an independent gold standard? Were objective and unbiased outcome criteria used? Are results valid?

Answer 64

Transferability

Question 65

Which type of eval criteria looks at consistency of results and asks, "would the results be similar if the study was repeated with the same subjects in a simlar context?"

Answer 65

Dependability

Question 66

Evaluation Criteria: aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally? Was follow up complete? Was the sample of patient’s representative? Were patients sufficiently homogenous with respect to prognostic factors?

Answer 66

Dependability

Question 67

Which type of eval criteria looks at neutrality and asks, "was there an attempt to enhance objectivity by reducing research bias?"

Answer 67

Confirmability

Question 68

Evaluation Criteria: were 5 important groups (patients, caregivers, collectors of outcome data, adjudicators of outcome, data analysis) aware of group allocations? Was randomization concealed?

Answer 68

Confirmability