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I&D > Week 1 Day 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 Day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two common gram positive cocci?

A

Strep and staph

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2
Q

What is the catalase enzyme and test?

A

Enzyme that takes H2O2 and turns it into H2O and O2

If a bacteria bubble during a catalase test it is positive.

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3
Q

Which one strep or staph is catalase negative?

A

Strep

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4
Q

Two different ways Strep are categorized?

A

Hemolysis and the Lancefield Classification System

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5
Q

What is the hemolysis test and results?

A

Test to see bacteria’s ability to lyse red blood vessels
Alpha= partial brown or green opaque around colony
Beta= complete- clear in colony areas
Gamma= no change

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6
Q

What is the Lancefield Classification System?

A

a system of classification that classifies catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci based on the carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on their cell walls created to categorize strep into Groups A-D

Now there are strep that don’t fit into the system

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7
Q

What is a major pathogenic strep and what Lancefield group?

A

Group A and S. pyogenes aka G.A.S.

S. p. is the most common group A and often referred to synonymously

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8
Q

Name 2 alpha hemolytic strep species and a few things about each of them?

A

S. pneumoniae- optochin sensitive, capsule and Quellung pos

S Viridians-optochin resistant, no capsule, Quellung neg

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9
Q

Name 2 beta hemolytic strep species and a few things about each of them?

A

S. pyogenes- Group A, bacitracin sensitive

S. agalactiae- Group B, bacitracin resistant

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10
Q

Name 2 gamma hemolytic strep species and a few things about each of them?

A

Enterococcus- bile esculin pos, 6.5% NaCl growth

non-Enterococcus- Group D, bile esculin pos, 6.5% NaCl no growth

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11
Q

Name two examples of GAS virulence factors for evasion?

A

M-protein- protein on cell surface that resists phagocytosis

Streptolysins O and S- hemolytic exotoxins released that are toxic to neutrophils, RBCs and platelets

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12
Q

Name 2 GAS virulence factors for Invasion?

A

Streptokinase- activates plasmin, dissolves blood clots to release additional bacteria

Hyaluronidase- breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the GAS virulence factor that is also what is looked for in the strep test?

Little bit about it?

A

Streptolysin O- triggers immune response,

O2 labile

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14
Q

What is another group of strep virulence factor exotoxins?

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins
Such as erythrogenic toxin as in Scarlet fever
Or Superantigens that stimulate Tcells and cause toxic shock syndrome

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15
Q

What causes Scarlet fever?

A

GAS- associated with GAS pharyngitis

Erythrogenic toxin

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16
Q

Symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

Head/trunk/extremities have a sandpaper rash that desquamates aka peels

Circumoral pallor

Strawberry tongue

There is also a benign course where it is mild

17
Q

4 skin and soft tissue infections of GAS that are suppurative aka cause pus or exudate?

A

Impetigo, folliculitis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Cellulitis- dermis and subcutaneous infection

Erysipelas- epidermis only rash fever

18
Q

S pyogenes aka GAS Impetigo is common in what age?

A

2-5 yrs old

19
Q

Symptoms of GAS impetigo/pyoderma?

A

Ulceration of skin/ crusted lesions usually on face

20
Q

Is GAS impetigo/pyoderma contagious?

A

Yes

21
Q

GAS impetigo/pyoderma treatment?

A

Local/mupirocin or penicillin

22
Q

Potential complication of S pyogenes Impetigo?

A

Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

23
Q

Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

A

Sometimes Follows skin and pharyngeal infections

More common in kids

Dark urine from hematuria, edema and hypertension from fluid retention

Not helped with antibiotics but usually goes away on its own

24
Q

What virulence factors are associated with necrotizing fasciitis and what do they do?

A

Exotoxins SpeA and SpeC- activate T-Cells and stimulate inflammatory cytokines

Cysteine protease SpeB degrades extra cellular matrix, cytokines, lgs

25
Q

What usually causes Orbital cellulitis?

A

S. pyogenes/ GAS

Other things such as S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and other beta hemolytic strep or H influenzae can but not common

26
Q

Basic of Strep TSS?

A

Caused by GAS
More so develops from skin infections versus pharyngitis

Hypotension and organ failure

Blood cultures are positive

Sometimes erythematous rash

High mortality sometimes greater than 50%

27
Q

What is Acute Rheumatic Fever and the symptoms?

A

Multi-organ inflammatory syndrome where GAS hides out in body sometimes as long 10-20 years after untreated GAS pharyngitis or scarlet fever infection- autoimmune in nature

Common ages are 5-15

Affects heart brain skins and joints
Common cause of heart disease in developing countries

Subcutaneous nodules
Aschoff bodies
Erythema marginatum

28
Q

4 other gram positive bacteria?

A

Bacillus cereus- food born enterotoxin

Listeria monocytogenes- food born meningitis

Strep pneumoniae- pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media

Viridans strep, S mutans S sanguis-
Oral bacteria can cause endocarditis

29
Q

3 most common causes of infective endocarditis aka IE?

A

Number one cause- S. aureus- industrialized country older people, IV drugs, HAI, heart valves

Second Streptococci- developing countries, poor oral health, indolent presentation, sub acute, less complications

Third Enterococci- after urogenital procedure, sub acute, high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rate

30
Q

Describe mycobacterium cell wall and and basic virulence factors?

A

Thick waxy, no outer membrane, can’t gram stain have to use acid fast

Masks PAMPs in cell wall,

has receptors for invasion of macrophages/ dendritic cells and

can live in them and prevent phagolysosome maturation

31
Q

How many M. tuberculosis species are there and how many live in humans and what are they?

A

7 total
2 live in humans
M. tuberculosis and M. bovis

32
Q

Basics of NTM/ non-tuberculosis mycobacterium?

A

Found in soil and water
Inhaled usually
Not contagious
Most people don’t get sick

33
Q

What is Hansen’s disease?

A

Leprosy caused by mycobacterium M. Leprae

Infects PNS

Can’t be grown in culture

34
Q

TB basics, how passed, life cycle?

A

Airborne- tiny droplets last in air for up to 6 hrs or more- 6 hr half life,
Can be ingested
Contagious

Primary infection can resolve on own when body surrounds and walls off TB in granuloma and it goes into latent phase.

TB lives in granuloma for yrs then it can come back at anytime

Latent stage is not symptomatic or contagious

35
Q

How are latent TB infections detected?

A

TB tin aka skin test and or interferon gamma release assay/ IGRA

Chest X-rays can shown granuloma in lung and lymph nodes calcification

36
Q

Disease causes by non-tb mycobacterium?

A

Lymphadenitis- M. avium complex aka MAC

Pulmonary disease- inlet lying lung issues and older people- MAC and M. kansasii

Skin and tissue infections- M marinum, M abscessus, M fortuitum, M Chelonae M ulcerans

37
Q

What happens with NTM and HIV?

A

MAC causes system wide disease that can be treated

38
Q

3 anaerobic bacteria genus that she wants us to study that are commonly found in infections and what gram they are?

A

Bacteroides- gram neg

Clostridium and Actinomycetes- both gram positive

I&D (19 decks)

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