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I&D > tuesday test lymphoid2 > Flashcards

tuesday test lymphoid2 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of immunity is lymphoid tissue?

A

Adaptive Immunity - specific pathogen and defends against that specific pathogen, unlike a generalized like with Innate

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2
Q

where are B- and T-lymphocytes activated?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue, such as

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils (= MALT) etc.
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3
Q

Adaptive Immunity components?

A
  • Antigen Presenting Cells
  • Cytotoxic T-cells
  • Plasma cells
  • Memory cells
    All of these are lymphocytes
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4
Q

Primary lymphoid organs? Their function?

A

they mature lymphocytes.
– Thymus & bone marrow

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5
Q

Secondary lymphoid structures? Their function?

A
  • Lymph nodes
    – Spleen
    – Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
  • Tonsils
  • Wall of digestive tube (i.e. gut =GALT)
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Wall of respiratory tubes (bronchial =BALT)

lymphocytes are activated and memory lymphocytes produced

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6
Q

reticular fibers job?

A

form walls of 3-D pockets

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7
Q

job of macrophages in lymphoid tissue?

A

eat pathogens and are APCs for lymphocyte activation.
most infectious organisms are destroyed by lymphocytes, neutrophils & Macs.

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8
Q

Dendritic cells job in lymphoid tissue?

A

super APCs; migrate in from all over body

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9
Q

High-endothelial venules (HEV) job?

A

where lymphocytes leave blood & enter lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

Do memory cells form in lymphoid tissue?

A

Most memory lymphocytes are formed, for long-term immunity

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11
Q

What are nodules (follicles)?

A

Are a dense collections of lymphocytes – a mixture of B and T cells. - vast majority is B cells

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12
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary nodules?

A
  • Primary - Accumulation of B cells resulting from antigen-driven B cell proliferation
  • Secondary - Actively producing clonal B cells (plasma and memory); activated B cells, exit as a plasma cell or reside as memory cell = Germinal center
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13
Q

How do GC look like and where are they located? What are they?

A

more cytoplasm (“clock face”) than in the typical, small lymphocytes

they are located in 2° Lymphoid Nodule

Dividing B cells in GC

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14
Q

What is Lymphatic System?

A

Constitute a series of in-line filters in the system

Enclosed environment in which T and B cell encounter antigen

• Place of Plasma cell differentiation – Antibody production

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15
Q

How many lymph nodes are there in the body? Where?

A

450 Lymph Nodes

  • Axilla
  • Groin (inguinal )
  • along major vessels of

– Neck (cervial)

– Thorax (thoracal)

– Abdomen (mesenteric)

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16
Q

3 structural components of a lymph node?

A

Outer cortex

Para cortex

Central medulla

17
Q

outer cortex job?

A
  • – Sub-capsular sinus receives lymph fluids;
  • – Branches into cortical sinus;

Delivers lymph fluid to immune cells located in cortex region.

  • – Nodules (GC)

• B cell rich area • Antigen can be trapped by APC

18
Q

what is happening in Para cortex?

A

– T cell rich area (activation of cytotoxic T cells)

– circulating T & B cells enter from blood stream via HEV (High endothelial venule)

19
Q

Central medulla function?

A

– Medullary cord • T & B cells and plasma cells

– Medullary sinuses • last lymph filter (contains macrophages)

• Converge with efferent lymph vessel

20
Q

Types of cells present in the three compartments of a lymph node?

A

outer cortex - mostly B cells, some Th, Macrophages

Para cortex - T cells

Central medulla - T cells, B cells (activated), plasma cells, macrophages

21
Q

How do lymph nodes destroy pathogens?

A
  1. Macrophages eat pathogens in sinuses → then can present Ag to T cells in pericortex.
  2. Other pathogens leak from sinuses into the nearby nodules and are destroyed there by NK and cytotoxic T cells
22
Q

Example of MALT? what kinds? What is their job?

A

Tonsils

Several sets: main one is palatine tonsil (object of most infections and of tonsillectomies), adenoid tonsil and lingual tonsil.

• Tonsils sample antigens from the food we swallow and air we breathe.

they make lots of memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity

23
Q

How does palatine tonsillectomy happen?

A

• Palatine tonsil has a capsule, and a surgeon cuts just under the capsule to remove this tonsil during tonsillectomy.

24
Q

Palatine tonsil structure?

A

Epithelium is thrown into crypts (folds) that gather the pathogens and antigens.

  • These invaders work their way into the underlying lymphoid tissue and are destroyed.
  • Crypts actively invite infection, but recall that this sampling builds up lots of memory lymphocytes to improve immunity throughout life.
25
Q

GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) organs?

A

Large intestine, appendix (constantly samples bacteria and antigens in the feces)

26
Q

Peyer Patches - what is it? What is the function?

A

Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules

Form dome-like protrusions of the mucosa

  • Like all GALT, they closely monitor the antigens and microbiota in gut (ileum).
  • Covered by intestine’s columnar epithelium
27
Q

what are the main functions of spleen?

A

–Largest filter of blood → important in defense against bloodborne antigens → Critical in removal of encapsulated bacteria – Hemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia

– Site of removal of senescent (old) erythrocytes → Iron recycling

– Storage of platelets

• Largest single accumulation of lymphocytes – Site of antibody production

28
Q

3 distinct areas you see in the spleen?

A

Red pulp - RBC recycling, removed old RBC

White pulp - collection of lymphocytes (nodules of B and T cells) - they stain purple

Central arteriole - T cells wrap around, interacts with blood

29
Q

What is thymus? How does it develop?

A

Two-lobed organ in thorax anterior to heart

– Originates from 3rd pharyngeal pouch during embryogenesis

– Derived from endoderm, so is epithelial in nature.

29
Q

What is thymus? How does it develop?

A

Two-lobed organ in thorax anterior to heart

– Originates from 3rd pharyngeal pouch during embryogenesis

– Derived from endoderm, so is epithelial in nature.

30
Q

Thymus job?

A

Primary lymphoid tissue, said to “produce” the T cells: killer, helper, and regulatory T cells. → no B cells → no GC, no plasma cells

First, T-cell precursors called lymphoblasts migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus. There, they divide to generate millions of T cell clones throughout life, with each clone programmed to recognize its own specific antigen.

Other thymic functions:

– Selecting which new T cell clones will survive;

– Inducing tolerance: “central immune tolerance”

31
Q

How does thymus look like?

A

Looks like a cauliflower, divided into many incompletely separated lobules (= the florets of the cauliflower)

• Vascularized CT capsule has septae that extend inward to separate the lobules. • Each lobules has – Outer cortex (darker-basophilic) – Inner medulla (lighter) Cortex stains darker because it has more lymphocytes that are more densely packed.

32
Q

What is lobule of the thymus and what does it have?

A

Vascularized CT capsule has septae that extend inward to separate the lobules.

• Each lobules has

– Outer cortex (darker-basophilic) - stains darker because it has more lymphocytes that are more densely packed.

– Inner medulla (lighter) - T cells maturation is completed in medulla

33
Q

What are Hassall’s (Thymic) Corpuscles?

A

Concentrically layered groups of keratinized thymic epithelial cells (TECs) in medulla - They finish off T cells maturation

34
Q

What is T cell positive and negative selections? Mediated by?

A

Mediated by thymic epithelial cells (TECs) in medulla.

Macrophages inspect cells in 2 ways:

  1. Positive selection - Have you got the right protein to now be a T cell that can get activated? - If not destroy
  2. Negative selection - Inspect exact form of surface protein that indicate “you are going to be active, but do you recognize the difference between self and foreign AGs?” → selects out anything autoimmune
35
Q

What does Hassall’s (Thymic) Corpuscles produce? What is its function?

A

Produces thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine. TSLP is known to play an important role in the maturation of T cell populations.

36
Q

Does thymus change with age?

A

yes, it involutes with age. more fat less cortex and medulla - about 30 yrs major change

I&D (19 decks)

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