Tuesday test blood Flashcards
what is hematocrit? When does one have anemia?
The hematocrit is the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of red blood cells.
The hematocrit (hct) is expressed as a %.
A low hematocrit < 37% is an indicator of anemia
The 5 types of circulating WBC?
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Neutrophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes are the predominant immune WBCs,
with Eosinophils and Basophils involved with parasites and allergies respectively
values on a blood panel - % of each?
WBC counts: 4.5-11.5 x 103/ml
- Neutrophils 60-70 % (60) 2.0 – 7.3 x 10^3/ml
- Lymphocytes 18-42 %. (30) 1.0 – 3.4 x 10^3/ml
- Monocytes 2-11 % (6) 0.0 – 0.8 x 10^3/ml
- Eosinophil 1-3% (3) 0.0 – 0.5 x 10^3/ml
- Basophils 0-2% (1) 0.0 – 0.2 x 10^3/ml
Platelets: 150-450 x 10^3 /ml
What do these mean:
- Elevated white blood cell count
- Elevated neutrophil counts
- Elevated lymphocyte numbers
- Elevated monocyte counts
- Elevated eosinophil numbers
- Elevated white blood cell count = Leukocytosis. [low WBC count = Leukopenia]
- Elevated neutrophil counts - bacterial infections ( innate phagocyte response).
- Elevated lymphocyte numbers - point to a viral infection.
- Elevated monocyte counts - chronic inflammatory process.
- Elevated eosinophil numbers - allergic diseases or parasitic infections.
- Elevated basophil counts - myeloproliferative diseases (pre- cancerous disease of the blood), overactive thyroid or severe allergic reactions.
Where does (hematopoiesis happen? Platelets?
Bone marrow,
Platelets - Megakaryocytes (huge, noticeable cells with abundant cytoplasm, so they are lighter in color than most blast cells)
The 4 most apparent features of bone marrow?
1) adipocytes, 2) sinusoids, 3) megakaryocytes 4) hemopoietic cells
2 cell lines and what do they lead to?
Myeloid cell line - Erythropoiesis → erythrocyte, Thrombopoiesis →platelets, leukopoiesis → monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil
Lymphoid cell line → B and T lymphocytes (Rapid asymmetric cell division)
1 st blood cells formed in the embryo?
Erythrocytes, platelets (thrombocytes) and monocytes
Precursor cells of erythrocyte? platelets? eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil? monocyte?
Erythroblasts,
megokaryoblast,
(eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil) - myeloblast
monoblast
Neutrophil how it looks as mature and immature?
Mature: Small, poorly stained granules segmented
Immature: nucleus less/not segmented
How do neutrophils kill pathogens? What do they contain?
Active phagocyte (innate immune system) Engulfs bacteria and kills them Uses oxidative and non-oxidative killing mechanisms
Primary or azurophlic granules contain Myeloperoxidase, Lysozyme & Defensins
Specific granules contain extra–cellular degrading enzymes.
DNA NETs (Neutrophil extracellular traps) bind pathogens.
Neutrophils ½life?
Short ½ life (12-24 hours)
btw, eosinophils ½ life is the same
How do eosinophil look?
Eosinophilic granules-uniform in size Usually bi-lobed nucleus
Where are Eosinoiphils found?
Most eosinophils are found in connective tissue of mucosa linings (Can leave blood stream via diapedesis)
How do eosinophils kill parasites and promote allergic inflammation?
Secretory granulocyte - Kill parasites and worms
Eosinophil secondary granules contains toxic major basic protein 1 (MBP1) and eosinophilic peroxidase
Have IgE receptors that furthers activation
Promotes allergic inflammation via secretion of cytokines and leukotrienes and can modulate inflammatory responses via other cytokines and chemokines.
How do basophils look?
Basophilic granules-uniform in size Nucleus is bilobed but obscured by granules
Where do we see basophils?
Can leave blood stream via diapedesis → Migrate to tissue are tissue resident
What do basophils contain? How do basophils result in allergic responses?
Secretory granulocytes
Specific granules stain blue (basophilic)- Contains heparin, histamine and other factors of inflammation plus Major Basic Protein
Can promote anaphylactic reactions Usually not found in elevated numbers in peripheral blood but migrate to tissue
How do monocytes look?
Its agranulocyte!!!
Largest leukocyte (15-20 µm)!
Bean-shaped nucleus “Lazy” chromatin (spaces in the nucleus) Blue-gray cytoplasm light with “dust-like membrane bound granules Cytoplasmic vacuoles often visible Sometimes mistaken for activated lymphocyte (plasma cell)
Large mononuclear cells, with clefted or indented nucleus; Conspicuous cytoplasm: variably basophilic, few poorly stained granules or cytoplasmic inclusions
Which cell is a precursor to tissue resident macrophages and dendritic cells? Whats special about tissue resident macrophages - what do they contain? What else can it become?
Monocytes
Tissue resident macrophages are phagocytic cells and develop many more granules with hydrolytic enzymes than monocytes. Contain azurophilic granules with Myeloperoxidase, Lysozyme & Defensins
Monocytes can also become APC
What do Lymphocytes look like?
Agranulocytes!! (like mono)
When resting smallest leukocyte (7-8 or 12-16 µm)
– Spherical nucleus
- Occupies 90% of cytoplasm
- Deeply condensed chromatin
- Sky blue cytoplasm
What are Distinct lymphocyte types?
- T-cell (CD4+; CD8+)
- B cells (differentiate to plasma cells)
- NK cells (large granules) innate
3 roles of lymphocytes?
they are Key cells of acquired immune system:
- Key defense to viral infections
- Facilitate antibody mediated immunity
• Create immune memory
Natural Killer cells role - innate or adaptive?
How do they kill?
- Natural killer cells, or NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
- cytotoxic, that is their cytoplasm contain small granules containing a protein, perforin and a protease, granzyme → cell death or osmotic cell lysis.
