Tuesday test blood

Question 1

what is hematocrit? When does one have anemia?

Answer 1

The hematocrit is the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of red blood cells.
The hematocrit (hct) is expressed as a %.
A low hematocrit < 37% is an indicator of anemia

Question 2

The 5 types of circulating WBC?

Answer 2

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Neutrophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes are the predominant immune WBCs,
with Eosinophils and Basophils involved with parasites and allergies respectively

Question 3

values on a blood panel - % of each?

Answer 3

WBC counts: 4.5-11.5 x 103/ml

1. Neutrophils 60-70 % (60) 2.0 – 7.3 x 10^3/ml
2. Lymphocytes 18-42 %. (30) 1.0 – 3.4 x 10^3/ml
3. Monocytes 2-11 % (6) 0.0 – 0.8 x 10^3/ml
4. Eosinophil 1-3% (3) 0.0 – 0.5 x 10^3/ml
5. Basophils 0-2% (1) 0.0 – 0.2 x 10^3/ml

Platelets: 150-450 x 10^3 /ml

Question 4

What do these mean:

• Elevated white blood cell count
• Elevated neutrophil counts
• Elevated lymphocyte numbers
• Elevated monocyte counts
• Elevated eosinophil numbers

Answer 4

• Elevated white blood cell count = Leukocytosis. [low WBC count = Leukopenia]
• Elevated neutrophil counts - bacterial infections ( innate phagocyte response).
• Elevated lymphocyte numbers - point to a viral infection.
• Elevated monocyte counts - chronic inflammatory process.
• Elevated eosinophil numbers - allergic diseases or parasitic infections.
• Elevated basophil counts - myeloproliferative diseases (pre- cancerous disease of the blood), overactive thyroid or severe allergic reactions.

Question 5

Where does (hematopoiesis happen? Platelets?

Answer 5

Bone marrow,

Platelets - Megakaryocytes (huge, noticeable cells with abundant cytoplasm, so they are lighter in color than most blast cells)

Question 6

The 4 most apparent features of bone marrow?

Answer 6

1) adipocytes, 2) sinusoids, 3) megakaryocytes 4) hemopoietic cells

Question 7

2 cell lines and what do they lead to?

Answer 7

Myeloid cell line - Erythropoiesis → erythrocyte, Thrombopoiesis →platelets, leukopoiesis → monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

Lymphoid cell line → B and T lymphocytes (Rapid asymmetric cell division)

Question 8

1 st blood cells formed in the embryo?

Answer 8

Erythrocytes, platelets (thrombocytes) and monocytes

Question 9

Precursor cells of erythrocyte? platelets? eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil? monocyte?

Answer 9

Erythroblasts,

megokaryoblast,

(eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil) - myeloblast

monoblast

Question 10

Neutrophil how it looks as mature and immature?

Answer 10

Mature: Small, poorly stained granules segmented

Immature: nucleus less/not segmented

Question 11

How do neutrophils kill pathogens? What do they contain?

Answer 11

Active phagocyte (innate immune system) Engulfs bacteria and kills them Uses oxidative and non-oxidative killing mechanisms

Primary or azurophlic granules contain Myeloperoxidase, Lysozyme & Defensins

Specific granules contain extra–cellular degrading enzymes.

DNA NETs (Neutrophil extracellular traps) bind pathogens.

Question 12

Neutrophils ½life?

Answer 12

Short ½ life (12-24 hours)

btw, eosinophils ½ life is the same

Question 13

How do eosinophil look?

Answer 13

Eosinophilic granules-uniform in size Usually bi-lobed nucleus

Question 14

Where are Eosinoiphils found?

Answer 14

Most eosinophils are found in connective tissue of mucosa linings (Can leave blood stream via diapedesis)

Question 15

How do eosinophils kill parasites and promote allergic inflammation?

Answer 15

Secretory granulocyte - Kill parasites and worms

Eosinophil secondary granules contains toxic major basic protein 1 (MBP1) and eosinophilic peroxidase

Have IgE receptors that furthers activation

Promotes allergic inflammation via secretion of cytokines and leukotrienes and can modulate inflammatory responses via other cytokines and chemokines.

Question 16

How do basophils look?

Answer 16

Basophilic granules-uniform in size Nucleus is bilobed but obscured by granules

Question 17

Where do we see basophils?

Answer 17

Can leave blood stream via diapedesis → Migrate to tissue are tissue resident

Question 18

What do basophils contain? How do basophils result in allergic responses?

Answer 18

Secretory granulocytes

Specific granules stain blue (basophilic)- Contains heparin, histamine and other factors of inflammation plus Major Basic Protein

Can promote anaphylactic reactions Usually not found in elevated numbers in peripheral blood but migrate to tissue

Question 19

How do monocytes look?

Answer 19

Its agranulocyte!!!

Largest leukocyte (15-20 µm)!

Bean-shaped nucleus “Lazy” chromatin (spaces in the nucleus) Blue-gray cytoplasm light with “dust-like membrane bound granules Cytoplasmic vacuoles often visible Sometimes mistaken for activated lymphocyte (plasma cell)

Large mononuclear cells, with clefted or indented nucleus; Conspicuous cytoplasm: variably basophilic, few poorly stained granules or cytoplasmic inclusions

Question 20

Which cell is a precursor to tissue resident macrophages and dendritic cells? Whats special about tissue resident macrophages - what do they contain? What else can it become?

Answer 20

Monocytes

Tissue resident macrophages are phagocytic cells and develop many more granules with hydrolytic enzymes than monocytes. Contain azurophilic granules with Myeloperoxidase, Lysozyme & Defensins

Monocytes can also become APC

Question 21

What do Lymphocytes look like?

Answer 21

Agranulocytes!! (like mono)

When resting smallest leukocyte (7-8 or 12-16 µm)

– Spherical nucleus

• Occupies 90% of cytoplasm
• Deeply condensed chromatin
• Sky blue cytoplasm

Question 22

What are Distinct lymphocyte types?

Answer 22

• T-cell (CD4+; CD8+)
• B cells (differentiate to plasma cells)
• NK cells (large granules) innate

Question 23

3 roles of lymphocytes?

Answer 23

they are Key cells of acquired immune system:

• Key defense to viral infections
• Facilitate antibody mediated immunity

• Create immune memory

Question 24

Natural Killer cells role - innate or adaptive?

How do they kill?

Answer 24

• Natural killer cells, or NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
• cytotoxic, that is their cytoplasm contain small granules containing a protein, perforin and a protease, granzyme → cell death or osmotic cell lysis.

Question 25

Why natural killer cells have that name?

Answer 25

do not require activation to kill cells that are missing “self” markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules, as do B and T lymphocytes possess in order to become activated.

Question 25

Why natural killer cells have that name?

Answer 25

do not require activation to kill cells that are missing “self” markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules, as do B and T lymphocytes possess in order to become activated.

Question 26

How does NK cell not kill healthy cells?

Answer 26

Recognise MHC class 1 on healthy cells

Question 27

3 different cell lines that defend our tissues against nonspecific pathogens?

Answer 27

Innate immunity:

Neutrophils (= PMN granulocytes

Monocytes or Macrophages

NK cells

Question 28

(smallest of the WBCs?

Answer 28

Lymphocytes.

comprise 25 - 45% of the circulating leukocyte population.

Lymphoid cells include T-cells and B-cells.

Question 29

prototype of lymphocytes? three cells of lymphocytes?

Answer 29

Natural killer (NK) cells are thought to be the prototype of all other lymphocytes

Lymphocytes can be one of several types: T-cells (70-85%,) B-cells (10- 15%,) and natural killer cells (10%.)

Question 30

what can generate dendritic cell?

Answer 30

Thymic, as well as pre-thymic, T-cell progenitors are able to generate dendritic cells (=antigen presenting cells).

Question 31

What cells produce and secrete antibodies?

Answer 31

Activated B cells produce (now plasma cells) and secrete antibodies

Question 32

What kind of organisms do we see adaptive immunity in?

Answer 32

Adaptive immunity is seen in all jawed vertebrates to some degree.

Question 33

What is MHC? Function?

Answer 33

The key step in the evolution of adaptive immunity

The function of MHC molecules is to bind an antigen (protein) derived from pathogen and the present that antigen on their cell surface for recognition by an appropriate lymphocyte. → Antigen presentation using the MHC is the key to activating B-cells and T-cells (lymphocytes) and the production of specific antibodies and hunters (cytotoxic T-cells) to a specific pathogen.