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Human Biology > Week 1 Content (Cells) > Flashcards

Week 1 Content (Cells) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three main componenets of the cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane:
    * Outer cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm:
    * Cytosol: the intracellular fluid
    * Cytoskeleton
    * Organelles
  3. Nucleus:
    * Holds most of the genetic material
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2
Q

What term is used to describe the Plasma membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

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3
Q

Outline the diagram

A
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4
Q

Parts of the Phospholipid bilayer

A

Phospholipid bilayer

Polar parts (heads) are hydrophilic (love water)
- face on both surfaces towards an aqueous environment
- two aqueous compartments - inside cell and outside cell
Non-polar parts (tails) are hydrophobic (hate water)
- line up next to each other in the interior of the bilayer.

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5
Q

Types of proteins in the cell membrane

A

INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

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6
Q

The funcition of a GLYCOLIPID

A

Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition (connecting cells to form tissue)

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7
Q

The types of Passive transport

A

Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Simple diffusion:
* Substances move from high
concentration to low concentration
through the plasma membrane.(sovents) (liquid)

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9
Q

Define Facilitated diffusion:

A

Substances move from high
concentration to low concentration
via a protein (solutes (ions))

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10
Q

What are the two different facilitaed protein channels

A

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion (Transporter Protein)

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11
Q

Define Active transport

A

Substances move from low concentration to high concentration via a protein and energy against the concentration gradient (hydrolysis of atp)

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12
Q

Vesicular transport….

A

Transport bulky material in small vesicles

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13
Q

Types of movement for visicular transport

A

exo cytosis and endo cytosis

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14
Q

What makes the cytoskeleton

A

Micro filaments, intermidiate filaments and microtubles

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15
Q

1) Microfilaments:

A

Aid in maintaining cell shape
and cell motility

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16
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A

High tensile strength
* Internal guy-wires to resist
pulling forces exerted on the
cell.

17
Q

Microtubules:

A

Functions:
* Repositioning of organelles
* Chromosomal movement during
division of cells
* Movement of cilia and flagella

18
Q

1) Microfilaments:Intermediate filaments:Microtubules: are part of the …………..

A

cyto skeleton

19
Q

Outline the diagram

A
20
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The nuclear envelope
* Consists of a double
Membrane

  • Outer surface is
    continuous with RER
  • Punctuated by nuclear
    pores
    – Aqueous transport
    channel regulating entry
    and exit of molecules.
  • Selectively permeable
    – Pores are hydrophobic
21
Q

Chromatin

A

The DNA from one
cell, stretched out, is
approx 2 meters long.
– Needs to be
condensed!
* Chromatin is composed
of approx.
– 30% DNA
– 60% Histone proteins
– 10%RNA

22
Q

The Nucleolus

A

Sits inside the nucleus.
* Not membrane bound.
* Typically one or two per
nucleus.
* Spherical bodies that
make ribosomal subunits.
* Subunits then leave the
nucleus via the nuclear
pores.
* Senses cellular stress.

23
Q

The nucleus consists of three regions / Function

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleoli
  • Chromatin

Main store for the
cell’s
genetic information

24
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of membranes closely associated with the nucleus.

25
Q

What are the two classes of endo plasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER (RER)
* ribosomes attached to surface
* “studded” appearance

Smooth ER (SER)
* no ribosomes attached

26
Q

The steps of the nucleus and er

A

DNA transcribes on RNA and then translates into proteins though ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes makes proteins from RNA)

27
Q

What are the three pathways of the Golgi apparatus

A
28
Q

Where do the vecicles from the rer travel to

A

the membrane of the the golgi apparatus

29
Q

What happens to the proteins in the golgi apparatus

A

The proteins are modified and then packaged in different vesicle type

30
Q

What are the functions of the Mitochondria

A

The synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

31
Q

The functions of lysosomes

A

Perform metabolic activities
1) breakdown of glycogen to glucose
2) breakdown of bone
3) ca2+ ions into bloodstream

32
Q

Traits of the mitochondria

A

Contain their own DNA and RNA/ribosomes

Human Biology (13 decks)

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