Week 1 Borch Flashcards
Parenchyma vs. Mesenchyme?
Parenchyma is the “main mass” of an organ, the “guts” of it. Parenchyma Packs in.
Mesenchyme is loose connective tissue about or around the organ. Mesenchyme Marries.
How are the terms “serosa,” “visceral,” and “parietal” related?
Serosa (aka adventitia) is outer covering of an organ (beyond muscularis propria). It consists of small simple “mesothelium.”
Visceral means “organ side,” ie. referring to the wrapping on the organ side of the peritoneum.
Parietal is the opposite, referring to the side (of peritoneum) facing away from the organ (ie. Toward the pelvis or abdominal wall)
Villi
absorption ultrastructure (multicellular)
Cilia
Move stuff (Mts)
Microvilli
absorption at the cellular level (actin)
Exocrine vs. Endocrine?
It’s all about delivery. Exocrine glands deliver their goods via structural connection, ie. ducts (example: pancreatic digestive secretions). Brunner’s glands and other submucosal glands are a good example.
Endocrine glands deliver their goods via the bloodstream (example: pancreatic islet cells).
3 Components of Connective Tissue
Fibers – “organized schmutz” collagen, elastic fibers
Ground substance: GAGs and proteoglycans
Cells – fibroblasts, immune cells, etc.
Prolyl Hydroxylase
Hydroxylates Prolines, requires Vitamin C, impaired in Scurvy.
What CXR view is always preferred? Why?
What view is best for a sick, hospitalized patient in bed?
Why are 2 views needed?
PA. The relative size of structures is more accurate, and there is a “giant heart” artifact on AP.
AP. If the patient can’t stand up or ambulate, the best you can do is prop them up in bed and get an AP. It’s better than nothing, but not optimal.
To pinpoint the location of a lesion in the 3d body, you need at least 2 orthogonal 2d views.
Name a common contrast agent and a contraindication for XR, CT, MRI
XR/fluro/GI studies
Barium. Suspected bowel perf or severe colitis.
CT
Iodine. Can be very nephrotoxic.
MRI
Gadolinium. Anaphylaxis, nephrotoxic sclerosis (both rare).
How can you easily tell if a cross section image is CT or MRI?
Look at the bones. CT Bone is bright, MRI it is darker.
Remember the 3 things that are bright white on CT: Blood, Bone, Bullets
T1 vs. T2
T1 – better to visualize anatomy because fat and hydrophobic structures are clearer and sharper.
T2 – better for pathology because inflammatory mediators pull water into the tissue, and water is bright on T2. T2 = H2O
Common places to look for water: CSF posterior to vertebral bodies, joint spaces, brain ventricles.
Adult vs Embryonic
Differentiation potential: ASC < ESC
Response to stimuli: ESCs respond easily, ASCs change only in response to complicated cues
Expansion potential: ESCs are easy to expand in vitro, ASCs are not.
Immuno-rejection potential: ASCs are more likely to be accepted by host immune system, since they are derived autologously
What is the biggest concern with the therapeutic use of iPSCs?
Tumorigenic potential.
Name the adult stem cells in skin.
Name the adult stem cells in the intestines.
Basal layer and in bulge region of hair follicle etc.
Crypt/Basal Cells
The theme here and anywhere there is epithelium is the stem cells sit on the bottom and proliferate up, differentiate toward the top.
