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CTMD LOMO > Histo/Immune System/Cell Injury > Flashcards

Histo/Immune System/Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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2
Q

Hct

A

volume of packed cells (%)

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3
Q

Hgb

A

g Hgb / L

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4
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

mean RBC volume

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5
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular Hgb

amount of Hgb in a given cell

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6
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration

Hgb concentration of average RBC

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7
Q

RDW

A

coefficient of variation about mean RBC size (higher means more variation)

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8
Q

reitculocyte

A

immature RBC recently entered into circulation, blueish

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9
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

low MCV, low MCH, low MCHC

Causes: iron deficiency, thalassemia

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10
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

High MCV

Causes: Megaloblastic anemia (vit B12 deficiency), alcohol

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11
Q

Normocytic normochromic anemia

A

normal MCV, MCH, MCHC

Causes: anemia of chronic disease, acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia

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12
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in red cell size

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13
Q

poikilocytosis

A

variation in red cell shape

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14
Q

schistocyte

A

fragmented red cell, torn or split or broken

The great RBC schism …

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15
Q

Target cell

A

red cell in which Hgb appears concentrated, seen in thalassemias

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16
Q

drepanocyte

A

sickle cell

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17
Q

spherocyte

A

spherical without central pallor, hyperchromic

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18
Q

hypochromic

A

pale

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19
Q

platelet

A

blue-purplish granules, small

20
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • myeloid, granulocyte
  • most abundant
  • multilobular
  • first response phagocytosis
21
Q

eosinophils

A
  • myeloid granulocyte
  • dense pink granules
  • seen in parasitic infection, releases MBP
22
Q

basophils

A
  • myeloid granulocyte
  • blue granules, usually can’t see nucleus, relatively rare
  • release histamine and heparin
23
Q

mast cell

A
  • myeloid granulocyte

- in mucosal tissues, secretes histamine and heparin, eosinophilic chemotactant factor

24
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage

A
  • circulating/tissues
  • has cytoplasmic vacuoles
  • phagocytosis and antigen presentation via MHCII
25
Q

NK cells

A
  • lymphoid derived

- will kill things no presenting MHCI (self)

26
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • never circulating
  • presents antigen via MHCII, calls second line into action
  • best antigen presenter
27
Q

B cells

A
  1. antibodies bind antigens
  2. antigen fragment presented on MHCII to T helper cells
  3. TH –> memory B cells, plasma B cells
28
Q

T-helper

A
  • forms memory T helper
  • stimulates macrophages, B cells (memory and effector), neutrophils
  • Respond to antigen presentation on MHCII: presented by macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells (specific)
29
Q

T-cytotoxic

A
  • forms more Tc

- releases perforin when cell presents foreign substance on MHCI

30
Q

Which main cell types implicated in types of infections?

A

bacterial: neutrophils
viral: lymphocytes
parasitic: eosinophils
mycobacterial (TB): monocytes
general inflammatory: basophils

31
Q

myeloid left shift

A

bone marrow releasing myeloid cells before they are fully developed, commonly occurs in infection, malignancy, drug reaction
- appears more blue, high N:C ratio

32
Q

Cells with MHCII

A
  1. dendritic (best antigen presenters)
  2. macrophages
  3. B cells
33
Q

Cells with MHCI

A

all self-cells, dendritic cells

34
Q

Which cells can phagocytose?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells
  4. mast cells
35
Q

Which cells kill self-cells that aren’t presenting MHCI?

36
Q

Which cells kill cells presenting foreign material on MHCI?

A

T cytotoxic

37
Q

ATP depletion leads to…

A

necrosis. Na+ accumulates in cell and it bursts

38
Q

3 types of reversible cellular injury

A
  1. cellular swelling
  2. chromatin clumping
  3. fatty change
39
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

characteristic of infarcts in all solid organs except brain

- basic tissue architecture preserved

40
Q

caseous necrosis

A
  • encountered most often in foci of TB infection

- caseating granulomas

41
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A
  • focal bacterial infections

- liquid = pus

42
Q

fat necrosis

A
  • chalky white areas of fat saponification
43
Q

fibrinoid

A
  • seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels,
44
Q

Clinical signs of acute inflammation

A
  1. rubor and calor: redness and warmth due to vasodilation
  2. tumor: swelling (first transudative due to increased hydrostatic pressure, then exudative due to increased vascular permeability)
  3. dolor: pain resulting from bradykinins, etc
  4. fever
45
Q

vascular change in acute inflammatory response

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. vascular permeability
  3. vascular congestion
  4. accumulation of neutrophils and leukocytes
46
Q

Differentiation acute and chronic inflammation histologically

A

acute will have lots of neutrophils (appear as multilobular)
chronic will have lots of lymphocytes (dark round nucleus)

CTMD LOMO (14 decks)

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