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CTMD LOMO > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is primary oocyte arrested

A

prophase I of meiosis I, released by surge of LH

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2
Q

what cells release what protein to keep primary oocyte arrested

A

granulosa cells secrete OMI

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3
Q

order of hormone surges, from where released and ensuing events

A
  1. FSH from pituitary gland stimulates granulosa cells around primary oocyte to enlarge, transform, and start secreting estrogen
  2. sufficient estrogen levels cause LH surge from pituitary gland –> primary oocyte to secondary oocyte (then ovulation)
  3. ruptured follicle –> corpus luteum: secretes progesterone to arrest growth of endometrium
  4. if implantation occurs, hCG from syncytiotrophoblast, prevents corpus luteum from breaking down to secrete progesterone until placenta takes over
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4
Q

FSH

A

from pituitary –> granulosa cells to secrete estrogen

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5
Q

LH

A

from pituitary in response to high estrogen level –> primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

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6
Q

progesterone

A

from corpus luteum, arrests endometrium growth

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7
Q

hCG

A

from syncytiotrophoblast, prevents corpus luteum from degenerating so it can keep producing progesterone

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8
Q

zona pellucida

A

contains sperm receptors, acrosomal reaction must happen for sperm to penetrate it

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9
Q

corona radiata

A

sperm get capacitated in uterus, only capacitated sperm can penetrate corona radiata

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10
Q

Events when oocyte and sperm cell membranes fuse

A
  1. cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy (hardening of zona pellucida)
  2. second meiotic division completed
  3. egg is activated to prepare for early embryonic events
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11
Q

where is secondary oocyte arrested

A

metaphase II of meiosis II, released by fertilization

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12
Q

zona pellucida function in embryo transport

A

hardened zona pellucida prevents embryo from adhering to uterine tube

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13
Q

End of week two after fertilization

A

firm attachment to lining of endometrium, trophoblast –> cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast (hCG)

embryoblast –> epiblast (embryo proper) + hypoblast (yolk sac)

*bilaminar embryo composed of opposed layers of epi and hypoblasts

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14
Q

Hyboblast gives rise to…

A
  1. extraembryonic mesoderm

2. yolk sac

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15
Q

Cleavage/Differentiation events

A
  1. Blastomeres = totipotent
  2. compaction = inner cell mass and outer
  3. 16 cell morula = embryoblast + trophoblast
    –> Embryoblast cells pluripotent
  4. trophoblast releases fluid to form blastocyst/blastula
  5. once in uterine cavity:
    trophoblast –> cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast
    embryoblast –> epiblast + hypoblast
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16
Q

compaction

A

prior to this event, all blastomeres are totipotent. After, only embryoblast cells are pluripotent (ESCs of research)

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17
Q

dizygotic twins

A

result of fertilization of two mature oocytes

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18
Q

monozygotic twins

A

splitting of embryo during cleavage

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19
Q

fertilization age vs. menstrual age

A

menstrual age is about 2 weeks greater than fertilization age. Parturition normally happens at 38 wks fert age and 40 weeks menstrual age

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20
Q

Gastrulation - week 3

A
  1. formation of primitive streak
  2. endoderm first wave, mesoderm second wave, never ingress are ectoderm
  3. primitive streak regresses at day 18
21
Q

buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes

A

only place where there is an interface between endoderm and ectoderm, no mesoderm

22
Q

primitive node

A

forms notochord and prechordal plate (both mesoderm)

23
Q

prechordal plate releases what

A

Shh to induce forebrain

  • Shh gene mutations lead to hyper-/hypotelorism
24
Q

prechordal plate and notochord functions

A

signaling for development of nervous system, face, and axial skeleton

25
Q

paraxial mesoderm/somites forms…

A

dermis, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, axial skeleton

26
Q

intermediate mesoderm forms…

A

genitourinary organs

27
Q

lateral plate mesoderm forms…

A
  1. somatic layer (in contact with ectoderm): forms anterior body wall
  2. splanchnic (in contact with endoderm): forms gut tube
28
Q

ectoderm immediately adjacent to notochord

A

form neural plate, then neural tube that dissociates

29
Q

neural crest cells

A

PNS, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, pharyngeal arches

30
Q

Cranio-caudal folding

A
  1. head fold: heart in correct position, incorporates yolk sac as part of foregut
  2. tail fold: incorporates park of yolk sac as hindgut
31
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

formed by neural crest cells, surround foregut, building blocks of anterior head and neck
1-4, 6
Shh signaling, RA

32
Q

polyhydramnios vs oligohydramnios

A

excess, deficiency

33
Q

lateral folding

A

splanchnic and somatic folds of lateral plate mesoderm fold to form gut tube and anterior wall of abdomen, respectively

34
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain, affected by RA

Rhombomeres are specified by Hox genes and contain RAREs (RA response elements)

35
Q

embryo veins

A
  1. umbilical: only one, O2 to caudal end of heart tube
  2. vitelline: deO2 from yolk sac
  3. cardinal: deO2 from body
36
Q

Where are RBCs formed?

A 
1. extraembryonic mesoderm of yolk sac
28 days: aorta mesoderm
6-8 weeks: liver
12 weeks: spleen
4 months: marrow starts
6 months: all marrow
37
Q

Embryonic period

A

Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis), critical period when most susceptible to teratogens

38
Q

Fetal Period

A

Weeks 8-38

39
Q

Fetal Development - week 8

A

tail disappears

40
Q

FD - week 9

A

gender specific

41
Q

FD - week 12

A

can indicate sex

42
Q

FD - month 4

A

lanugo on head, sucks thumb

43
Q

FD - month 5

A

lanugo on body, vernix caseosa

44
Q

FD - month 6

A

dark lanugo, surfactant

45
Q

FD - month 7

A

CNS mature enough for survival

46
Q

FD - month 9

A

lanugo shed, lots of surfactant

47
Q

When is greatest fetal length increase?

A

4-5 months

48
Q

When does weight significantly increase?

A

7 months

CTMD LOMO (14 decks)

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