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CTMD LOMO > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

Heart and Lung: series

systemic: parallel

A

series: constant volume (flow stays same, pressure changes)
parallel: problem in one place doesn’t affect others

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2
Q

pressure in pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

15 mmHg, 100 mmHg

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3
Q

pulmonary vessels able to decrease resistance why

A
  1. greater in diameter
  2. distensible
  3. thinner
  4. less smooth muscle
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4
Q

Tunics of arteries and veins

A
  1. Tunica intima: endothelium, loose CT, elastic lamina
  2. tunica media: smooth muscle, collagen
  3. tunica adventitia: elastic fibers, collagen fibers
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5
Q

coronary circulation

A

circulation of blood within the blood vessels of the cardiac tissue

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6
Q

role of lymphatic system in preventing edema

A

fluid filters out of arterial end of capillary, fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end (different pressures)
- any excess is picked up by lymphatic vessel

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7
Q

organs with dual circulation

A
  • redundant blood supply, can receive oxygen from second source if first is compromised
  • Liver and Lungs
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8
Q

End circulation organs

A
  • most everything but liver and lungs
  • i.e. kidneys, spleen
  • Blockage of vessels can be disastrous
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9
Q

anastomosis

A
  • provide alternative pathways for blood flow
  • i.e. response to cold weather - blood divert through anastomosis near skin to prevent flow at skin surface where it would lose heat
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10
Q

cardiac output

A

volume blood pumped by heart in one minute

- stroke volume x heart rate

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11
Q

arteries and what they serve

A 
brachiocephalic trunk: brain and head
common carotid: head and neck
subclavian: mainly arms
thoracic: all body except head neck upper extremities
abdominal: in retroperitoneum
common iliac: pelvis and lower limbs
celiac: liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas
mesenteric: SI and large intestine
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12
Q

edema

A

abnormal increase in interstitial fluid within tissues (between cells)

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13
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid collection in pleural cavity

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14
Q

anasarca

A

severe and generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling

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15
Q

ascites

A

fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity (effusion)

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16
Q

causes of edema

A
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. reduced plasma osmotic pressure
  3. sodium and water retention
  4. lymphatic obstruction
17
Q

hyperemia vs. congestion

A

hyperemia shouldn’t cause hypoxia, congestion can

18
Q

hyperemia

A

active process in which arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow

19
Q

congestion

A

passive process resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

20
Q

pulmonary edema (imaging and microscopically)

A
  • uniform opacity on radiograph

- microscopically, cell swelling and clearing and separation of ECM

21
Q

hepatic chronic passive congestion

A

nutmeg liver

- due to right heart failure

22
Q

L heart failure

A

causes edema in lungs

23
Q

hemorrhage vs. hematoma

A

active bleeding (usually in tissue itself) vs. accumulation, usually clotted (in space between serosa and parenchyma)

  • into extravascular space
24
Q

petechiae

A
  • 1 to 2 mm hemorrhages into skin
25
Q

purpura

A

slightly larger hemorrhages than petechiae (> 3 mm)

26
Q

ecchyomses

A

> 1 to 2 cm hematomas

27
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot formation within intact vessels

28
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. stasis or turbulent flow
  3. hypercoagulability
29
Q

Fates of thrombus

A
  1. propogation
  2. embolization
  3. dissolution
  4. organization and recanalization
30
Q

embolus

A

detached thrombus carried to site distant from origin

  • Venous source: lodges in lung bed
  • Arterial source: any location systemically
31
Q

red infarct

A
  • area of ischemic necrosis, venous occlusions (i.e. testicular or ovarian torsion)
  • previously congested tissues
  • tissues with dual circulation (liver and lung)
  • bowel
32
Q

white infarct

A
  • area of ischemic necrosis with arterial occlusions in solid organs with end-arterial circulation
  • i.e. heart, spleen, kidney
33
Q

atheroma

A

accumulation of swelling in artery walls made of up macrophage cells, debris, lipids, calcium, fibrous connective tissue

CTMD LOMO (14 decks)

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