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CTMD LOMO > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

examples of post-mitotic cells

A

*significance: tumors not associated with these cell types

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, mature neurons

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2
Q

Highest incidence and highest mortality

A
  1. prostate/breast
  2. lung
  3. colon/rectum

1 and 2 flipped for death

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3
Q

Expt to prove tumor cells are monoclonal

A
  • random X inactivation in females, tumors express one or other allele of a distinguishable gene product
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4
Q

cancer cell heterogeneity

A

At different stages in cancer progression, cells face different selective pressures that promote the survival of cells that have acquired a particular variation

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5
Q

CSC and therapy hypotheses

A
  1. Hierarchic CSC model - conventional therapy: CSCs are more resistant than differentiated cells to therapy and persist, quick relapse
  2. Hierarchic CSC model - CSC-specific therapy: in theory, CSC ablation should lead to decline of malignancy
  3. dynamic CSC - CSC-specific therapy: differentiated cells can reacquire CSC features through signaling from stromal cells and relapse will ensue
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6
Q

Warburg Effect

A

Even in presence of O2, cancer cells have elevated levels of glycolysis. Can take advantage of this by giving tagged glucose to see on PET scan

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7
Q

cyclins and CDKs of G1 to S transition

A

cyclin D/CDK 4 and 6

cyclin E/CDK 2

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8
Q

cyclins and CDKs of S phase

A

cyclin A/CDK 2 and 1

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9
Q

cyclin and CDK of G2 to M

A

cyclin B/CDK 1

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10
Q

inhibitors of cyclin D/CDK 4 and 6

A

p15, p16, p18, p19

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11
Q

inhibitors of all CDKs

A

p21, p27, p57

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12
Q

What is most severe histological feature?

A

anaplasia, lack resemblance to normal counterpart. not good sign!

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13
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in cell size and shape

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14
Q

clonal selection and tumor progression

A
  • clonal selection: initial mutation that confers growth advantage to cell and its progeny
  • tumor progression: additional mutations that occur that give further growth advantage and account for malignant characteristics of a tumor
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15
Q

grading vs staging

A

just looking at tumor vs. looking at tumors invasiveness (use for prognosis)

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16
Q

lymphatic spread vs hematogenous spread

A
  • lymphatic is common for carcinomas

- hematologic is common for sarcomas: metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain are common

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17
Q

IHC

A 
used to determine what tissue type tumor came from, or to see if anaplasia is present 
keratin: epithelial
vimentin: mesenchymal
LCA: lymphoid
S100: neural and melanocytic
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18
Q

flow cytometry

A

used to classify lymphoma/leukemia by surface antigens
- T/B cell, myeloid, degree of differentiation

  • also used for apoptosis assay
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19
Q

FISH for cancer

A

detects loss of tumor suppressors, amplification of oncogenes, and translocations

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20
Q

PCR for cancer

A

assess for specific mutations

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21
Q

RT-PCR

A

RNA into cDNA

i.e. BCR-ABL fusion protein

22
Q

PSA

A

IHC

- high false positive, secreted into blood in prostate ca

23
Q

TTF1

A

IHC
thyroid transcription factor 1
- positive in many lung cancers, as well as thyroid cancer

24
Q

myogenin

A

IHC

- expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma (recapitulates early muscle)

25
Q

Ki67

A

nuclear proliferation marker
high Ki67 = low doubling time
- can sometimes be helpful

26
Q

C-Kit/CD1117

A
  • often seen in GIST (GI stromal tumor)

tyrosine protein kinase that can be mutated, cancer may be respond to Gleevac

27
Q

p53 mutation and IHC

A

seen as positive in nuclear staining, longer half life and accumulates in cell

28
Q

percentage of cancers attributable to infection in developing countries

A

26%

29
Q

percentage of cancers familial vs. sporadic

A

familial: 5-10%
sporadic: 70-80%

family cluster: 15-20%

30
Q

Characteristics of known carcinogen

A
  1. ca epidemiology studies
  2. clinical studies
  3. study of tissues/cells from exposed human
31
Q

reasonably anticipated to be carcinogen

A
  1. multiple species
  2. multiple tissue sites
  3. multiple routes of exposure
  4. structurally related to known carcinogen
  5. similar mechanism
32
Q

Oncogenic viruses

A
  1. HTLV: leukemia/lympomas
  2. HPV: cervical
  3. EBV: Burkitt’s lympoma
  4. HCV: liver
33
Q

HPV mechanism

A
  • E6 degrades p53

- E7 binds RB, removing its inhibitory effects on E2F –> proliferation

34
Q

H. pylori

A

only known bacterium implicated in genesis of cancer (adenocarcinomas and gastric lymphomas)

35
Q

two cytogenetic manifestations of gene amplification

A

HSR (FISH)

double minutes

36
Q

n-Myc

A

commonly found in neuroblastoma

37
Q

c-Myc

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

38
Q

L-Myc

A

small cell lung carcinoma

39
Q

proto-oncogene family erb B (EGFR)

A

80% squamous cell carcinoma of lung
50% glioblastoma
80-100% tumors of head and neck

40
Q

proto-oncogene family Ras

A

90% pancreas
50% colon
50% thyroid
30% lung

41
Q

proto-oncogene family Myc

A
  • L-Myc: small lung cell carcinoma
  • c-Myc: Burkitt’s lymphoma
  • n-Myc: neuroblastoma
42
Q

CML chromosomes

A

(9;22) abl kinase, bcr regulator

43
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma translocation

A

(8;14) myc on 8 near Ig regulator on 14

44
Q

Promyelocytic leukemia

A

t(15;17) –> treat with all trans RA to release NCOR/HDAC and allow promyelocytes to differentiate

45
Q

Myelomonocytic leukemia

A

inv(16)

46
Q

Myeloblastic leukemia

A

(8;21)

47
Q

Ewing Sarcoma

A

t(11;22)

48
Q

Meningioma

A

Monosomy 22

49
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

del(13)(q14)

50
Q

alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

A

t(2;13)

51
Q

synovial sarcoma

A

t(X,18)

CTMD LOMO (14 decks)

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