Week 1 Flashcards
What two major muscles are involved with inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
What is boyles law?
If volume of a gas increases the pressure of the gas decreases
A smaller alveoli is more likely to collapse than a larger one due to what law?
La places
What cell produced surfactant in the lung?
Type II alveolar cell/ Type II pneumocyte
What forces allow the alveoli to stay open?
Transmural pressure gradient
Pulmonary surfactnat
Alveolar interdependence
What is respiratory distress syndrome of the new born?
Where surfactant hasnt been produced yet due to baby being premature. So strain lungs as huge resistnace
Describe the step up treatments for asthma
SABA (salbutamol) as needed ICS (beclomethasone) + LABA ICS + LTRA (montelukast) LABA (salmeterol)/ ICS + LTRA (review) Increase ICS in above LAMA ( tiotropium) or methylxanthines (theophylline)
Define pulmonary ventilation
The volume of air breathed in and out per minute
Define alveolar ventilation
Volume exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute
Define daltons law
In a mixture of non-reacting gases the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases
What is the equation to determine the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air when given the partial pressure of 02 in inspired air and co2 in arterial blood?
PA02= Pi02 - (PaC02/ 0.8)
Oxygen is more soluble across membranes than co2. True or false?
FALSE, co2 more soluble to make it easier to transfer Co2 into the lungs
The movement of gas across a tissue is proportional to the surface area and inversely proportional to its thickness. True or false?
True!
g= SA/ thickness
Define henrys law
If the partial pressure of a gas increases then the concentration of the diffused gas in the liquid would also increase proportionally
What are the two mechanisms of oxygen transportation
Bound to haemoglobin
Dissolved in plasma
What is the shape of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve?
Sigmoid
What is the effect of the oxygen Hb curve with increased Pco2, H+ and temperature?
Shift to the right
What can cause impairment to the oxygen delivery to tissue?
Respiratory disease
Heart failure; decreased cardiac output
Anaemia; decresed Hb conc
What are the modes of transport of Co2 in the body?
As solution
As bicarbonate (by carbonic amyhydrase in RBCs)
Carbamino compounds
What is the haldane effect?
When Hb releases an O2 molecule it then has a high affinity for Co2 and H+ ions.
Where would you auscultate the middle lobe?
Between right ribs 4 and 6
At what vertebral level would you auscultate the lung bases?
T11
What is the site of the horizontal fissure?
Right 4th rib
Name the monoclonal antibody drug against IgE
Omalizumab
What is a palpable reference point for cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
Xiphoid process
Which vessel do the bronchial arteries arise from?
Anterior surface of the descending aorta
Describe the course of the azygous vein
Lies to the right side of the spine then archs around the right lung root to drain into the superior vena cava
A vessel has been pinned, it is inferoporterior in the lung roots, containing oxygenated blood. What is it?
Pulmonary vein (going towards theheart)
A vessel has been pinned it is superomedial in the lung root carrying deoxygenated blood. What is it?
Pulmonary artery
What is the function of the transmural pressure gradient?
Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae close together
What is the shape of the myoglobin dissociate curve
Hyperbolic curve
What is the site of the oblique fissure
Posteriorly the T3 vertebrae and the 6th rib
What is the vertebral level defining the change of upper and lower resp tract
C6
Describe the location of the phrenic nerves in the neck, chest and cervical levels
Neck; on anterior surface of scalenus anterior
Chest; over lateral aspects of the heart, anterior to the lung roots
C3,4,5
What anti-inflammatory drug can trigger bronchospasm in sensitive individuals
Oral ibuprofen
