week 1 Flashcards
Kinesics
using the body to communicate
Proxemics
spatial relationships
Western culture 0.6m, larger is aloof and lesser is intrusive!
Haptics
Artefacts
O Haptics - touch communicates emotions and trust
O
Artefacts - those things that adorn our bodies or our environments
personal physical factors
paralanguage
Chronemics
O Personal physical factors - how you look
O Paralanguage – Linguistic features other than words (e.g., rate, pitch, intonations)
O
O Chronemics - Time associated with communication (e.g., length of a response, pause)
Factors Affecting Nonverbal Communication
Universal: All humans smile, frown and cry
Cultural and sub cultural: Such as nationality, gender, religion, professional, organisational
Personal: Unique to the individual
Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
5 ways
Repeating verbal messages – E.g., pointing for directions, using hands to show left/right directions
Contradicting – E.g., avoiding eye contact while saying “I’m telling the truth” (note that this could be culturally determined)
Substituting – E.g., signaling someone to sit down instead of saying it
Complementing – E.g., hugging someone and smiling while saying “welcome back”
Accentuating to emphasise a point – E.g., raising your voice.
Graphical Communication
O Represents ideas, relationships or connections visually with shapes, diagrams and lines.
O
Types of Communication
Give 4
O Intrapersonal: Communication with oneself through the process of thinking and feeling.
O Interpersonal: Interaction between two people on a one-to-one basis or in small groups.
O Public: Communication with a number of receivers at the same time (e.g., staff newsletter).
O Mass: Transferring or transmitting a message to a larger group of people (e.g., advertisements).
Context of Communication
O Physical: tangible or concrete items in the environment.
O
O Social-psychological: Role and norms of society, emotional climate.
O
O Temporal: Time in history as well as the position in the sequence of events.
Spiral of Silence Theory
Individuals that believe their opinion is shared by the majority will speak up
Individuals that believe their opinion is not shared by many are likely to remain silent
Silence can reduce creativity in problem solving
Managers need to encourage all employees to speak up (in public, private or anonymously).
What is Critical Thinking?
O Critical thinking considers possible viewpoints and results in interpretation, analysis and evaluation of evidence and the conclusions inferred from that evidence
O
O A critical thinker is skilled at articulating and evaluating arguments, and understanding how evidence supports or opposes a claim
Critical thinking involves
Omaking judgements based on research and evaluations by:
O
Odistinguishing between fact and opinion
Oevaluating the validity of information sources
Oanalysing and challenging the observations, facts, inferences, assumptions and opinions in an argument
Oevaluating the validity of particular theories and their application to particular situations
A Tool for Critical Thinking: AREA
O
OAnalysing
OResearching
OEvaluating
OAnswering
An assumption
Ois an unstated belief that supports the explicit reasoning
OThey are:
Ohidden and unstated (in most cases)
Otaken for granted
Oinfluential in determining the conclusion
Opotentially deceptive
Correlation vs. Causality
OCorrelation refers to association or relationship between two variables.
OSmoking is related to cancer.
OCausality refers to one variable causing a change in another variable.
ODoes smoking cause cancer?
OAlso check for variance explained
O
Reverse Causality
Situational factors that make
the main relationship between two variables change—e.g., the relationship may hold for one condition but not another.
