week 1 Flashcards
Kinesics
using the body to communicate
Proxemics
spatial relationships
Western culture 0.6m, larger is aloof and lesser is intrusive!
Haptics
Artefacts
O Haptics - touch communicates emotions and trust
O
Artefacts - those things that adorn our bodies or our environments
personal physical factors
paralanguage
Chronemics
O Personal physical factors - how you look
O Paralanguage – Linguistic features other than words (e.g., rate, pitch, intonations)
O
O Chronemics - Time associated with communication (e.g., length of a response, pause)
Factors Affecting Nonverbal Communication
Universal: All humans smile, frown and cry
Cultural and sub cultural: Such as nationality, gender, religion, professional, organisational
Personal: Unique to the individual
Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
5 ways
Repeating verbal messages – E.g., pointing for directions, using hands to show left/right directions
Contradicting – E.g., avoiding eye contact while saying “I’m telling the truth” (note that this could be culturally determined)
Substituting – E.g., signaling someone to sit down instead of saying it
Complementing – E.g., hugging someone and smiling while saying “welcome back”
Accentuating to emphasise a point – E.g., raising your voice.
Graphical Communication
O Represents ideas, relationships or connections visually with shapes, diagrams and lines.
O
Types of Communication
Give 4
O Intrapersonal: Communication with oneself through the process of thinking and feeling.
O Interpersonal: Interaction between two people on a one-to-one basis or in small groups.
O Public: Communication with a number of receivers at the same time (e.g., staff newsletter).
O Mass: Transferring or transmitting a message to a larger group of people (e.g., advertisements).
Context of Communication
O Physical: tangible or concrete items in the environment.
O
O Social-psychological: Role and norms of society, emotional climate.
O
O Temporal: Time in history as well as the position in the sequence of events.
Spiral of Silence Theory
Individuals that believe their opinion is shared by the majority will speak up
Individuals that believe their opinion is not shared by many are likely to remain silent
Silence can reduce creativity in problem solving
Managers need to encourage all employees to speak up (in public, private or anonymously).
What is Critical Thinking?
O Critical thinking considers possible viewpoints and results in interpretation, analysis and evaluation of evidence and the conclusions inferred from that evidence
O
O A critical thinker is skilled at articulating and evaluating arguments, and understanding how evidence supports or opposes a claim
Critical thinking involves
Omaking judgements based on research and evaluations by:
O
Odistinguishing between fact and opinion
Oevaluating the validity of information sources
Oanalysing and challenging the observations, facts, inferences, assumptions and opinions in an argument
Oevaluating the validity of particular theories and their application to particular situations
A Tool for Critical Thinking: AREA
O
OAnalysing
OResearching
OEvaluating
OAnswering
An assumption
Ois an unstated belief that supports the explicit reasoning
OThey are:
Ohidden and unstated (in most cases)
Otaken for granted
Oinfluential in determining the conclusion
Opotentially deceptive
Correlation vs. Causality
OCorrelation refers to association or relationship between two variables.
OSmoking is related to cancer.
OCausality refers to one variable causing a change in another variable.
ODoes smoking cause cancer?
OAlso check for variance explained
O
Reverse Causality
Establishing Causality
O Does the cause occur in correlation with the effect?
O
O Does the cause temporally precede the effect?
O
O There are no plausible alternative explanations for the observed effect.
OIs there another third variable that causes changes in both the cause and the effect?
Generalisations
OA generalisation gives a general, rather than a specific, character to a subject
Fallacy
OA fallacy is a type of logical error that leads to a false statement or belief
O E.g., “Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore, I don’t trust vegetarians.”
Sampling
Ois the analysis of a group by determining the characteristics of a significant percentage of its members chosen at random
Inference and opinion
OInference is the process of deriving a conclusion
O
OAn opinion is a belief held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof
O
Boundaries of Concepts and Relationships
Contingency variables
Osituational factors are variables that moderate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
When making decisions, you must
take into account situational factors that can change the relationship between two variables. Every situation has the potential to have unseen factors or even known factors that can change rapidly. Open you minds to detecting these changes and unseen factors and being ready with optional responses is essential to effective management,
Situational factors that make
the main relationship between two variables change—e.g., the relationship may hold for one condition but not another.
– Pfeffer and Sutton (2006)
“The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions.”
Homo Economicus
OA model of people as rational self-interest maximizers.
Why do All Practitioners Need Evidence-Based Management?
OGeneral cognitive biases affect us all.
OCan easily get caught up in the latest management fads.
OWe have a tendency to seek advice from our friends—people who are most likely to confirm our pre-existing biases.
OExperience doesn’t easily translate across situations.
O
deductive logic
Applies General principles to reach specific conclusions
Enables predictions to be made about future events
Enables fast decision making on the basis of experience and existing knowledge
restricts thinking by discounting conclusions drawn from other types of thinking
Leads to false conclusions when premises are incorrect
Inductive logic
Examines specific info to derive a general principle
creates predictive models of truth based on personal observation and experience
allows for sampling of large target audience to save time and money
Produces wrong conclusions about target population if sampling methodology is weak
invites overgeneralisation esp if data contract the researcher’s premise
