week 1-5

Question 1

What cells are the first responders to infection

Answer 1

Myeloid cells

Question 2

first line of defence?

Answer 2

innate immune cells

Question 3

Cellular Bridge btw innate and Adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

APCs- Antigen presenting cells
(DCs, B-cells, mf)

Question 4

——— is the process by which Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate into mature RBCs (and leukocytes)

Answer 4

Hematopoiesis

Question 5

HSCs are directed to differentiate into two major types of progenitors ———— or ——— progenitor cell

Answer 5

HSCs are directed to differentiate into two major types of progenitors lymphoid progenitor cell or myeloid progenitor cell

Question 6

Failure of Hematopoietic regulatory mechanisms can have seroious consequences such as?

Answer 6

Leukemia

Question 7

Myeloid progenitor cells diffrentiate into?

Answer 7

mf, DCs, neutrophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Mast cells, WBCs, RBCs

Question 8

Lymphoid Progenitor cells diffrentiate into?

Answer 8

T-cells, B-cells, NK cells and DCs

Question 9

Fxn of Myeloid cells

Answer 9

1) detection of pathogens via PRRs
2) phagocytosis
3) escalate imune responses through cytokine and chemokine secretion

Question 10

——– presence in tissue indicates an active immune response

Answer 10

Granulocytes (neurtorphils, eosinophil, basophils, mast cells)

Question 11

Provide the major defense against pus-forming (pyogenic) bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci and fungi?

Answer 11

Neutrophils

Question 12

cells that make up APCs ?

Answer 12

DCs , macrophages, B-cells, monocytes

Question 13

fxn of APCs

Answer 13

part of the first line defence against pathogens
* Act as cellular bridges btw innate and Adaptive immunity

Question 14

fxn of Macrophages

Answer 14

Regulation of the immune response through production of pro-inflammatory (IL-1, TNF, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (TGFβ, ΙL-10) cytokines

Question 15

Pro -inflammatory cytokines

Answer 15

IL-1, TNF, IL-6

Question 16

Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

Answer 16

TGFβ, ΙL-10

Question 17

Mutation in signaling molecules affecting TLRs will cause?

Answer 17

Recurrent, severe bacterial infections (pneumonia)

Question 18

Gain of function mutations in inflammasome will cause?

Answer 18

1)Gout
2)Atherosclerosis
3)Type II diabetes
4)Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)

Question 19

NOD2 mutations are associated with enhanced susceptibility to ———-

Answer 19

Crohn’s disease

Question 20

IL-12 and IFN-γ receptor deficiency will cause?

Answer 20

Increased susceptibility to intracellular infections (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Question 21

Fxn of IL-8

Answer 21

neutrophil chemoatractant

Question 22

———— are released by the liver in resposne to inflammation?

Answer 22

Acute-phase proteins are released by the liver in response to inflammation (IL-6, TNF, IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines)

Question 23

examples of acute-phase proteins released by the liver

Answer 23

CRPs, MBL

Question 24

Cytokines that maintain granuloma

Answer 24

IFN-γ (produced by the activation of Th cells)

* Also maintains macrophage activation

Question 25

Cytokine that aids the formation of granulomas

Answer 25

**TNF**

Question 26

why is **IL-2** given to AIDS patients in combo w/ antiretrovirals

Answer 26

To restore the decreased levels of **CD4+ T cells**

Question 27

Fxn of IL-12

Answer 27

1) Promotes the development of CD4+ T cells 2) induces the production of IFN-γ (by activating TH cells) | * **Pro-inflammatory cytokine**

Question 28

**----** inhibitis Th and Tc activation

Answer 28

**anti-CD25** (Ab against IL-2 receptor) | CD25--> IL-12

Question 29

State the difference in fxn btw granulation tissue and Granulomas

Answer 29

* **Granulation tissue** : part of the repair response, fxn -> healing of injured tissue * **Granuloms** : a form of chronic inflammation, fxn --> phgocytosis

Question 30

Histology of Granulation tissue

Answer 30

1) Newly formed blood vessles (angiogenesis) 2) Fibroblasts 3) mononuclear cells in extracelluar matrix (does not surround an indigestible particle like granulomas)

Question 31

Histology of Granulomas

Answer 31

1) Macrophages (circumsrcibed aggregates of epithelioid cells) 2) surrounded by lymphocytes 3) Giant cells and dead material

Question 32

Which of the following is a caseating granuloma ; TB or Sarcoidosis

Answer 32

**TB**

Question 33

patines w/ severly reduced C3 levels tend to have?

Answer 33

increased numbers of sever **Bacterial** infection

Question 34

**Diganosis:** - - low CD4+ levels on flow Cytometry - normal levels of CD8+ cells and B cells - Hypogammaglobulinemia * **Presenting symtpoms:** numerous, severe infections requiring IV antibiotic, diarrhea and oral candidiasis disroder?

Answer 34

**Bare lymphocyte syndrome type 2** aka MHC class II deficiency * Lack of MHC II due to mutations of regulators of MHC-II transcription (CIITA, RFXANK, RFX5, RFXAP) * Epi: death at around 4 yrs | * similar diganosis to SCID

Question 35

Clues in the diagnosis of SCID

Answer 35

1) presents in **first few weeks/months of life** 2) **Infections** are often **viral**/ fungal rather than bacterial 3) **Chronic diarrheais** common ("Gastroenteritis") 4) **Repiratory infections** and **oral thrush** are common 5) **faliure to thrive** 6) **Lymphopenia** (low WBCs)

Question 36

**Diagnosis:** - **low CD8+ levels** - **Activated NK cells** - normal CD4+ levels - normal antibody production **Presenting symptoms:** - characteristic mark **"necrotizing skin lesions"** on the extremities and midface - Frequent, **Bacterial infections** of the upper respiratory tract diagnosis?

Answer 36

**Βare lymphocyte syndrome type 1:** MHC class I deficiency cause: lack of expression of **TAP1 and TAP2**

Question 37

Cause of Βare lymphocyte syndrome type 1: MHC class I deficiency

Answer 37

lack of expression of TAP1 and TAP2