Week 1

Question 1

Gram Stain Steps (5)

Answer 1

Fixation
Crystal Violet
Iodine (Red)
Decolorizer (+ remain purple, - becomes clear)
Safranin (+ remain purple, - becomes redpink)

Question 2

Describe the cell wall of a gram positive bacterium (4)

Answer 2

Thick peptidoglycan layer (Positive, Purple, Peptido)
Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Sensitive to lysozyme

Question 3

Describe the cell wall of a gram negative bacterium (4)

Answer 3

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Periplasmic space
Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide

Question 4

2 parts of lipopolysaccharide

Answer 4

Lipid A (Endotoxin)
O antigen

Question 5

6 organisms that are neither gram positive nor negative

Answer 5

Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Nocardia
Spirochaetes
Rickettsia
Chlamidya
(My My!  No spanking Rhianna's Clam)

Question 6

Gram positive cocci in clusters

Answer 6

Staphylococcus

Question 7

Gram positive cocci in clusters, coagulase positive

Answer 7

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 8

All S. aureus produce

Answer 8

penicillinase

Question 9

S. aureus are naturally found

Answer 9

on the skin

Question 10

Gram positive cocci in clusters, coagulase negative

Answer 10

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 11

Some S. epidermidis produce

Answer 11

beta-lactamase

Question 12

Gram positive cocci in chains

Answer 12

Streptococcus and Enterococcus

Question 13

Gram positive cocci in chains, beta-hemolytic

Answer 13

Strep groups A + B

Question 14

Group A Strep species

Answer 14

S. pyogenes

Question 15

Group B Strep species

Answer 15

S. agalactiae

Question 16

S. pyogenes is _________ to bacitracin

Answer 16

sensitive

Question 17

S. pyogenes is naturally found on / in

Answer 17

skin

pharynx

Question 18

S. pyogenes systemic treatment

Answer 18

PCN +/- clindamycin

Question 19

S. agalactiae is naturally found in

Answer 19

Vagina

Question 20

S. agalactiae systemic treatment

Answer 20

PCN

Question 21

Gram positive cocci in chains, alpha-hemolytic (2)

Answer 21

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus viridans

Question 22

S. viridans is naturally found in

Answer 22

the mouth

Question 23

S. viridans systemic treatment

Answer 23

PCN, clindamycin

Question 24

Gram positive cocci in chains, may be alpha- or gamma-hemolytic

Answer 24

Enterococcus

Question 25

Enterococcus systemic treatment

Answer 25

Ampicillin (+gentamycin for endocarditis)

Question 26

Gram positive rods (3)

Answer 26

Corynebacterium Listeria Bacillus (Corn-flavored Listerine: Positively Bad)

Question 27

Gram positive anaerobes (4)

Answer 27

Peptostreptococci Actinomyces Propionibacterium acnes Clostridium

Question 28

Gram negative cocci (2)

Answer 28

Neisseria | Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 29

Neisseria needs __________ to culture

Answer 29

Chocolate agar

Question 30

Lactose fermenting gram negative rods (2)

Answer 30

E. coli | Klebsiella

Question 31

Hemolytic, non-lactose fermenting gram negative rods

Answer 31

E. coli | Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 32

Swarming gram negative rods

Answer 32

Proteus mirabilis

Question 33

Red and black non-lactose fermenting gram negative rods

Answer 33

Salmonella

Question 34

What inflammation mediators promote vasodilation? (3)

Answer 34

Histamine Nitric Oxide Prostaglandins

Question 35

What inflammation mediators promote vascular permeability? (5)

Answer 35

``` Histamine Complement Bradykinin Leukotrienes TNF-alpha ```

Question 36

What inflammation mediators promote chemotaxis? (2)

Answer 36

IL-8 | Complement

Question 37

What inflammation mediators promote fever? (4)

Answer 37

TNF-alpha IL-1 IL-6 Prostaglandins

Question 38

What inflammation mediators promote pain? (2)

Answer 38

Prostaglandins | Bradykinin

Question 39

What inflammation mediators promote tissue damage? (2)

Answer 39

ROS | NO

Question 40

Typical first cells to be recruited to site of infection:

Answer 40

Neutrophils

Question 41

Who phagocytoses?

Answer 41

Neutrophils Macrophages (christians want to neuter the macro-phags)

Question 42

What opsonins enhance phagocytosis?

Answer 42

CRP Complement Antibodies (IgG and IgM) (Think about a gay Crip: his phaggy love would be enhanced if you complement his (anti)body)

Question 43

Phagocytosis is more efficient if

Answer 43

T-cells promote through secretion of gamma-interferon, activating macrophages (mild-mannered Phag gets accidentally gamma-irradiated by Mr. T, and activates the FABULOUS MACRO-PHAG)

Question 44

Two types of T cells

Answer 44

Helper | Cytotoxic

Question 45

What cell is a major source of cytokines

Answer 45

Helper T

Question 46

4 things an antibody does

Answer 46

Neutralize toxins and microbes Promote phagocytosis Promote natural killer cells to KILL Activate complement