Week 1, 2 concept questions Flashcards
The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the:
a) urinary and integumentary systems
b) nervous and endocrine systems
c) cardiovascular and respiratory systems
d) cardiovascular and integumentary systems
e) respiratory and muscular systems
b) nervous and endocrine systems
The nervous system (via nerve impulses) and endocrine system (via hormones) provide corrective measures to maintain homeostasis and in most instances lead to adaptation of all the other body systems to changes in our internal and external environment.
Which body fluid is also called the body’s internal environment?
a) interstitial fluid
b) blood plasma
c) extracellular fluid (ECF)
d) intracellular fluid (ICF)
e) lymph
a) interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid is the ECF found between all cells of tissues and is considered the body’s internal environment. It bathes the cells that make up tissues. The health and proper functioning of all our body cells depends greatly on the composition of interstitial fluid. A cell needs to get what it needs via the interstitial fluid and get rid of what it does not need.
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems?
a) A positive feedback increases the stimulus while a negative feedback decreases the stimulus
b) A positive feedback responds to a stimulus while a negative feedback does not recognise a stimulus
c) A positive feedback includes the control centre while a negative feedback works via effector cells
d) A positive feedback means the body is not maintaining homeostasis while a negative feedback indicates that a condition is controlled
e) A positive feedback enhances a change in a controlled condition, while a negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition
e) A positive feedback enhances a change in a controlled condition, while a negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition.
A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into:
a) unequal left and right portions
b) superior and inferior portions
c) portions separated at an angle to its longitudinal axis
d) anterior and posterior portions
e) left and right portions
b) superior and inferior portions
A transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. A transverse plane is at a right angle to the longitudinal axis.
Which of the following is an example of the basic life process called growth?
1 - muscle contraction
2 - digestion of proteins
3 - lifting weights and gaining muscle mass
4 - mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen
3 & 4 are both examples of growth.
Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Forming cell junctions
c) Cell identification
d) Transportation
e) Communication
a) Temperature regulation
The plasma membrane of cells is not regulating temperature. A region in the brain called the hypothalamus is the body’s thermostat and controls the body temperature.
Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognising and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?
a) transporters
b) linkers
c) enzymes
d) cell identification markers
e) receptors
e) receptors
Some integral membrane proteins are called receptors that bind a specific type of molecule such as a hormone or neurotransmitter.
Which statement regarding permeability of plasma membranes is incorrect?
a) The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane is impermeable to small, non polar, uncharged molecules but permeable to ions and charged or polar molecules.
b) Macromolecules are unable to pass through the plasma membrane except by vesicular transport
c) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some things can pass through and others cannot
d) Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane to molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer
a) The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane is impermeable to small, non polar, uncharged molecules but permeable to ions and charged or polar molecules.
This statement is incorrect - the lipid bilayer is permeable to small non polar (hydrophobic), uncharged molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide or steroid hormones. The bilayer is impermeable to ions (charged molecules) or polar (hydrophilic) molecules.
Examples of passive transport across a plasma membrane include all except:
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Sodium ion/potassium ion pump
c) Simple diffusion
d) Osmosis
b) Sodium ion/potassium ion pump
A pump requires energy hence is not a passive process. The sodium/potassium pump is a primary active transport. Energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein, which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient.
If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell, water will move by osmosis:
a) out of the cell
b) All of these answer choices are correct
c) into and out of the cell at the same rate resulting in no net water movement
d) into the cell
e) none of these answers are correct
d) into the cell
Higher concentration of solutes inside the cell will lead to water moving into the cell down its concentration gradient (as in from an area of higher to lower water concentration) via osmosis.
Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells. Most sports drinks that help rehydrate the body are __________ relative to your body’s cells?
a) isotonic
b) hypotonic
c) hypertonic
d) hemolytic
b) hypotonic
Hypotonic drinks/solutions have lower concentrations of solutes than the cytosol of cells leading to water moving into the cells via osmosis and consequently rehydrating body cells during or after exercise.
In a complete cell cycle, a starting cell duplicates its content and divides into two identical cells. During which phase of the cycle does DNA replication occur?
a) G2phase
b) Mitotic phase
c) S phase
d) G1phase
c) Sphase
yes - in the S phase, chromosomes are replicated.
During which phase of mitosis do centromeres line up at the centre of the mitotic spindle?
a) anaphase
b) metaphase
c) prophase
d) telophase
b) metaphase
during metaphase, the centromeres line up at the exact centre of the mitotic spindle, a region called the metaphase plate or equatorial plane region.
The overall function of mitosis is:
a) creation of more cilia
b) production of gametes
c) production of proteins
d) production of new cells
e) formation of new flagella
d) production of new cells
Mitosis is the cell division that produces two genetically identical cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitotic cell division for example replaces dead or injured tissue cells.
