exam prep Flashcards
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.
Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.
Cytoplasm
Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.
Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.
Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.
Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.
Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes:
Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.
Functions: makes proteins
Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.
Functions: makes proteins
Ribosomes
Centrioles
Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.
Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers
Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.
Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers
Centrioles
Mitochondria
Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.
Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP
Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.
Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts: Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located
Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.
Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts: Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located
Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.
Function: Makes/transports proteins
Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.
Function: Makes/transports proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes
Functions: Makes/transports fats
Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes
Functions: Makes/transports fats
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body (apparatus)
Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected
Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles
Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected
Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles
Golgi Body (apparatus)
Lysosomes
Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything
Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts
Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything
Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide
Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds
Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide
Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds
Peroxisomes
Vacuole
Description: smaller organelles in cells
Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes
Description: smaller organelles in cells
Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes
Vacuole
Flagella
Description: Long and thread like
Function: Movement (wipe like action)
Description: Long and thread like
Function: Movement (wipe like action)
Flagella
Cillia
Description: tiny hair like structures outside of the cell
Function: Trap dust/movement
Description: tiny hair like structures outside of the cell
Function: Trap dust/movement
Cillia
Homeostasis
A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples are the maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.
A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples are the maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.
Homeostasis
Components of the feedback system
Stimulus - condition, eg temperature
Receptor - information affects
Control centre - sends a command to
Effector - responds (negative/positive feedback)
Response - stimulus removed, homeostasis restored
Stimulus - condition, eg temperature
Receptor - information affects
Control centre - sends a command to
Effector - responds (negative/positive feedback)
Response - stimulus removed, homeostasis restored
Components of the feedback system
negative feedback systems
reverses the direction of the process being regulated. eg. blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body temperature
reverses the direction of the process being regulated. eg. blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body temperature
negative feedback systems
Positive feedback systems
keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, blood clotting, breastfeeding
keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, breastfeeding
Positive feedback systems
structure and function of plasma membrane
Transport Communication Enzymatic reactions Cell identification Formation of cell junctions
Concept of selective permeability
Means that cell membranes and their proteins allow the transport of some chemicals but not others.
Phospholipid bilayer:
- permeable to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide
- polar chemicals such as ions and glucose can not pass through the phospholipid bilayer
Epithelial tissue - characteristics and features
Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface
Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size
Avascularity - no blood supply into the epithelium. Underneath there is connective tissue which does have a blood supply. Cells are ‘fed’ through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface
Attachment - there is an attached surface
Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate
Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface
Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size
Avascularity - no blood supply into the this tissue. Cells are ‘fed’ through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface
Attachment - there is an attached surface
Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate
Characteristics and features of epithelial tissue
Connective tissue - characteristics and features
Collagen is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.
Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together.
Vascular - connective tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves.
Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.
Collagen is the main protein of this tissue and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.
Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together.
Vascular - this tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves.
Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.
Characteristics and features of connective tissue
Function of epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces, forms glands and lines hollow organs body cavities and ducts. Epithelial tissues: - provide physical protection - control permeability - provide sensation - produce specialised secretions
Function of connective tissue
Connective tissue protects, supports and binds organs.
Connective tissues:
- establish structural framework
- transports fluids and dissolved materials
- protecting delicate organs
- supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types
- storing energy reserves (fatty tissue)
- defending the body from invading micro organisms
Simple squamous epithelium
lines the lungs
Epithelium tissue that lines the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
skin
Epithelium tissue that forms skin
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat glands and urethra
Epithelium tissue that forms sweat glands and urethra
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
