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A&P 1 > exam prep > Flashcards

exam prep Flashcards

1
Q

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A

Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.

Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.

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3
Q

Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.

A

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

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4
Q

Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.

Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.

Functions: makes proteins

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6
Q

Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.

Functions: makes proteins

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Centrioles

A

Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.

Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers

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8
Q

Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.

Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers

A

Centrioles

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.

Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP

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10
Q

Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.

Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Nucleus

A 
Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts:
Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located

Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.

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12
Q 
Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts:
Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located

Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.

Function: Makes/transports proteins

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14
Q

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.

Function: Makes/transports proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes

Functions: Makes/transports fats

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16
Q

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes

Functions: Makes/transports fats

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

Golgi Body (apparatus)

A

Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected

Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles

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18
Q

Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected

Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles

A

Golgi Body (apparatus)

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything

Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts

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20
Q

Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything

Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts

A

Lysosomes

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide

Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds

22
Q

Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide

Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds

A

Peroxisomes

23
Q

Vacuole

A

Description: smaller organelles in cells

Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes

24
Q

Description: smaller organelles in cells

Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes

A

Vacuole

25
Q

Flagella

A

Description: Long and thread like

Function: Movement (wipe like action)

26
Q

Description: Long and thread like

Function: Movement (wipe like action)

A

Flagella

27
Q

Cillia

A

Description: tiny hair like structures outside of the cell

Function: Trap dust/movement

28
Q

Description: tiny hair like structures outside of the cell

Function: Trap dust/movement

A

Cillia

29
Q

Homeostasis

A

A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples are the maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.

30
Q

A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples are the maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.

A

Homeostasis

31
Q

Components of the feedback system

A

Stimulus - condition, eg temperature
Receptor - information affects
Control centre - sends a command to
Effector - responds (negative/positive feedback)
Response - stimulus removed, homeostasis restored

32
Q

Stimulus - condition, eg temperature
Receptor - information affects
Control centre - sends a command to
Effector - responds (negative/positive feedback)
Response - stimulus removed, homeostasis restored

A

Components of the feedback system

33
Q

negative feedback systems

A

reverses the direction of the process being regulated. eg. blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body temperature

34
Q

reverses the direction of the process being regulated. eg. blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body temperature

A

negative feedback systems

35
Q

Positive feedback systems

A

keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, blood clotting, breastfeeding

36
Q

keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, breastfeeding

A

Positive feedback systems

37
Q

structure and function of plasma membrane

A 
Transport
Communication
Enzymatic reactions
Cell identification
Formation of cell junctions
38
Q

Concept of selective permeability

A

Means that cell membranes and their proteins allow the transport of some chemicals but not others.
Phospholipid bilayer:
- permeable to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide
- polar chemicals such as ions and glucose can not pass through the phospholipid bilayer

39
Q

Epithelial tissue - characteristics and features

A

Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface
Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size
Avascularity - no blood supply into the epithelium. Underneath there is connective tissue which does have a blood supply. Cells are ‘fed’ through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface
Attachment - there is an attached surface
Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate

40
Q

Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface
Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size
Avascularity - no blood supply into the this tissue. Cells are ‘fed’ through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface
Attachment - there is an attached surface
Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate

A

Characteristics and features of epithelial tissue

41
Q

Connective tissue - characteristics and features

A

Collagen is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.
Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together.
Vascular - connective tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves.
Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.

42
Q

Collagen is the main protein of this tissue and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.
Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together.
Vascular - this tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves.
Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.

A

Characteristics and features of connective tissue

43
Q

Function of epithelial tissues

A 
Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces, forms glands and lines hollow organs body cavities and ducts.
Epithelial tissues:
- provide physical protection
- control permeability
- provide sensation
- produce specialised secretions
44
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue protects, supports and binds organs.
Connective tissues:
- establish structural framework
- transports fluids and dissolved materials
- protecting delicate organs
- supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types
- storing energy reserves (fatty tissue)
- defending the body from invading micro organisms

45
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

lines the lungs

46
Q

Epithelium tissue that lines the lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelium

47
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

skin

48
Q

Epithelium tissue that forms skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat glands and urethra

50
Q

Epithelium tissue that forms sweat glands and urethra

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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