Week 1

Question 1

Female breast functions (2)

Answer 1

Produce and store milk
Aid in sexual stimulation

Question 2

Female breast anatomy

Answer 2

Glandular tissue (lobules and mammary ducts)

Fatty tissue (size and shape)

Question 3

Why is the breast lymphatic system important

Answer 3

Large portion of lymph fluid brain into axillary nodes, common site of metastasis of breast cancer

Question 4

Breast assessment

Answer 4

Subjunctive data
- history, lifestyle

Objective data
- inspection and palpation

Question 5

Gynecomastia

Answer 5

Enlargement of breast (glandular tissue) causing a dome shape around areola
(Normal during puberty, should go away)

Can be due to high prolactin levels, antibiotics, drugs, hyperthyroidism, steroids, obesity

Question 6

Age related changes in breasts

Answer 6

Loss of fullness
Sagging
Decrease in size of nipple
Reduction in ability to respond to stimulation
Replacement of milk producing glands with fat

Question 7

Mediastinum

Answer 7

Area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
- houses all other organs like heart and trachea

Question 8

Chest assessment: posterior

Answer 8

Shape, skin, scapulae, movement in breathing

Question 9

Chest assessment: anterior

Answer 9

Respirations
Shape
Skin
Sternum
Intercostal spaces
Barrel chest
Pigeon or funnel sternum
Accessory muscles

Question 10

Pectus carinatum

Answer 10

Pigeon chest

Question 11

Pectus excavatum

Answer 11

Funnel chest

Question 12

Crepitus

Answer 12

Air trapped in SC space, feels like rice crispies on palpation

Question 13

Fremitus

Answer 13

Vibration on palpation, detect fluid or obstruction

Question 14

Vocal resonance

Answer 14

Performed for positive fremitus to assess density of lung tissue

Question 15

Lung lobe count

Answer 15

Right - 3
Left -2

Question 16

URT

Answer 16

Nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 17

LRT

Answer 17

Trachea, right and left bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 18

Protective mechanism in the respiratory tract

Answer 18

Nose hairs, coughing/sneezing, ciliated columnar cells, alveolar macrophages

Question 19

Bronchial lung sounds

Answer 19

High pitched over trachea and thorax

Question 20

Bronchovesicular lung sounds

Answer 20

Moderate pitched over major bronchi

Question 21

Vesicular lung sounds

Answer 21

Low pitches in peripheral lung fields

Question 22

Respiratory cycle length

Answer 22

Inspirations
- louder and faster

Expiration
- slower and softer

Question 23

Abnormal breath sounds (4)

Answer 23

Stridor
Diminished
Absence
Adventitious (lots here)

Question 24

Stridor

Answer 24

High pitched whistling
- continues
- squawking noise kind of
- caused by narrowing of trachea/larynx (foreign object, anaphylaxis)

Question 25

Diminished lung sounds

Answer 25

Obstruction due to mucus plus

Hyper inflated lungs due to Air trapping (emphysema)

Question 26

Adventitious lung sounds are heard over…

Answer 26

Heard over normal breath sounds during auscultation

Question 27

Adventitious lung sounds ( 4)

Answer 27

Fine crackles
Course crackles
Wheezes
Pleural rub

Question 28

Fine crackles

Answer 28

Also called rales

Due to fluid from pneumonia or COPD

Question 29

Course crackles

Answer 29

Low pitch
- gurgling sounds almost

Caused by when patient breaths through fluid filled parts of lungs from pneumonia

Question 30

Wheezes

Answer 30

High pitched on isp and exp

Narrowing of air passages causes this

Subtype called rhonchi

Question 31

Rhonchi

Answer 31

Subtype of wheezing
- loud and continuous
- located in large airways, not throat
- sounds like snoring
- caused by air leaving fluid filled areas

Question 32

Pleural rub

Answer 32

Low pitched grating sound on insp and exp due to pleuritis
- can be continuous or discontinuous
- harsh grating sound, usually painful

Inflamed pleural rub against each other

Question 33

Age related changes in the lungs

Answer 33

Decreased elasticity
Decrease insp and exp capacity
Decreased alveoli
Decreased strength in reps muscles
Decreased cilia and macrophages