Week 1 Flashcards
Archeological findings provide
evidence of sewage disposal and written medical
prescriptions.
Prior to 2000 b. c. e.: Ancient Societies
:Perhaps the earliest written
record of public health was the Code of Hammurabi; included laws for physicians and health
practices
Circa 1900 b. c. e: Ancient Societies
Bible’s Book of Leviticus written;
includes guidelines for personal cleanliness and
sanitation
Circa 1500 b. c. e: Ancient Societies
Provide the History of Timeline
Ancient Societies (before
500 b.c.e.), the Classical Cultures (500 b.c.e.–500 c.e.), the Middle Ages (500–1500 c.e.), and
the period of Renaissance and Exploration (1500–1700 c.e.)
: Evidence that Greek
men participated in games of strength and skill and
swam in public facilities
Fifth and sixth centuries b. c. e.: Classical Cultures
They are involved in practice of community sanitation; involved in obtaining water from
sources far away and not just local wells
Greeks; Classical Culture
were community minded; improved
on community sanitation of Greeks; built aqueducts to transport water from miles away; built
sewer systems; created regulation for building
construction, refuse removal, and street cleaning
and repair; created hospitals as infirmaries for
slaves.
Romans; Classical Culture
created hospitals as benevolent charitable organizations
Christians; Classical Culture
In 476 CE this Empire fell and most public health
activities ceased.
Roman; ClassicalCulture
Early Civilization Eras (2)
1; Ancient Society 2; Classical Culture
Growing revulsion for
Roman materialism and a growth of spirituality;
health problems were considered to have both spiritual causes and spiritual solutions, a time referred to as the spiritual era of public health.
500–1000 c. e. (Dark Ages): Middle Ages
Failure to take into account the role of the physical and
biological environment in the causation of communicable diseases resulted in many unrelenting epidemics
in which millions suffered and died.
Which era?
Middle Ages
Deadliest epidemics in Middle Ages
Plague (Black Death)
Black Death Severity
killed 25 million; half of population of London lost and in some parts of France only 1 in 10
survived
1200 c. e
More than 19,000 Leper Cases; Middle Ages
What are the other epidemics of middle age period?
Smallpox, diphtheria,
measles, influenza, tuberculosis, anthrax, and
trachoma
What epidemic was last epidemic of
the middle age period.
Syphilis
What period?
Belief that disease was caused by environmental,
not spiritual, factors; for example, the term malaria,
meaning bad air, is a direct reference to humid or
swampy air.
Renaissance
Rebirth of thinking about the nature of world and
humankind.
Renaissance
What period?
observations
led to first recognition of whooping cough, typhus,
scarlet fever, and malaria as distinct and separate
diseases
Renaissance
He published the Observations on
the Bills of Mortality, which was the beginning of vital
statistics
John Graunt
What period?
Explorers, conquerors, and merchants and their crews
spread disease to colonists and indigenous people
throughout the New World.
Renaissance
When did the Modern era of public
health began?
1850
was characterized by industrial growth.
eighteenth century
Epidemics continued to be a problem in what century outbreaks
in major cities in both Europe and America?
19th century
another cholera epidemic
struck London. Dr. John Snow studied the epidemic and hypothesized that the
disease was being caused by the drinking water from the Broad Street pump.
1854
another cholera epidemic
struck London. Dr. ______ studied the epidemic and hypothesized that the
disease was being caused by the drinking water from the _______.
John Snow; Broad Street pump
John Snow “microorganisms can cause disease”
T or F
T
The predominant theory
of contagious disease at the time of John Snow
“miasmas theory
How did John Snow resolved the epidemic?
Removing of pump handle
Vapors or miasma as the source of contagious
diseases
Miasmas Theory
Who drew up the drew up a health report for
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
United States in 1850, Lemuel Shattuck
Shattuck’s report is such that 1850 is a key date in American public health;
it marks the beginning of the __________
modern era of public health.
understanding of the causes of many communicable diseases occurred
during the
last third of the nineteenth century.
Idea that living organisms could arise from inorganic or nonliving
matter
Spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur of France proposed his______
Germ theory of disease
First U.S. census
1790
Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia.
1793
Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated
smallpox vaccination
1796
Marine Hospital Service (forerunner to U.S. Public Health Service) was formed
1798
Several of America’s largest cities, including
Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, had
municipal boards of health.
1799
U.S. government’s approach to health was
laissez faire
(i.e., noninterference).
First visiting nurse in United States
1813
who developed the criteria and procedures necessary to establish that a particular microbe, and no other, causes a particular disease. His first
demonstration, with the anthrax bacillus
German scientist Robert Koch
Between 1877 and the end of the century,
the identity of numerous bacterial disease agents was established, including those that caused
gonorrhea, typhoid fever, leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus,
pneumonia, plague, and dysentery. This period (1875–1900) has come to be
known as the
bacteriological period of public health.
pasteurization of milk was
introduced
1890
True or False?
As the twentieth century began, life expectancy was still more than 50 years.
FALSE : less than
What are the The leading causes of death in 20th Century?
communicable diseases
Reed announced that yellow fever was transmitted by
mosquitos; 1900
Much growth and development took place during the 60-year period from 1900 to 1960. Because
of the growth of health care facilities and providers, this period of time is referred to as the
Health resources development period
health resources development period can be further divided into
Reform phase
(1900–1920), the 1920s, the Great Depression and World War II, and the postwar years.
During the first 20 years of the twentieth century is also known as
reform phase of public health
In 1906 the plight of the immigrants working in the meat packing industry was graphically
depicted by Upton Sinclair in his book
The Jungle
Sinclair in his book The Jungle. Sinclair’s goal was to draw attention to unsafe
working conditions. What he achieved was greater governmental regulation of the food industry
through the passage of the
Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.
In 1909 it was noted that “[i]ll health is perhaps the most constant of the attendants of ______
POVERTY
characterized by social movements
to improve health conditions in cities
and in the workplace
Reform phase of public
health
1917, the United
States ranked______ of 16 “progressive” nations in _____ death rate
fourteenth; maternal death rate
the relationship between occupation and disease had been pointed out ____ years
earlier in Europe
200 years
first International Congress on Occupational Diseases was held in Chicago
1910
New York passed a tentative ________ , and over the next
10 years most other states passed similar laws
Workman’s Compensation Act
U.S. Bureau of Mines was created
and the first clinic for occupational diseases was established in New York at _________
Cornell Medical
College
By _____ , the movement for healthier conditions in the workplace was well established.
1910
By _____ , the movement for healthier conditions in the workplace was well established.
1910
The
first school nursing program was begun in ______ in 1902
New York City
