Epidemiology Flashcards
defined as any condition that deviates the normal physiologic of the body.
Disease
abnormal condition of an organism resulting from the disruption of normal body functioning.
Disease
can be seen and measured
Sign
are felt and cannot be measured
Symptoms
combination of signs and symptoms
Syndrome
invasion of microbes in a susceptible host
Infection
can also be spread but much more easier because its mode of transmission is airborne.
Contagious Disease
caused by pathogenic agents which can be transmitted from an infected host to a
non-infected but susceptible host.
Communicable Disease
Which is infectious?
Communicable disease or Non-Communicable disease?
Communicable disease
cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible host.
Non-Communicable Disease
start of signs and symptoms
Onset
The Onset of Disease can either be
Acute or Chronic
Duration (3 months or less)
Acute
Duration (longer than 3 months)
Chronic
- Peak severity of symptoms occur and subsides within 3 months or sooner
- If also it is sudden (onset)
Acute
-Recovery is slow and often incomplete
-Signs and symptoms are slowly manifesting (onset)
Chronic
This model includes 3 basic elements
Communicable Disease model
What are the 3 elements of Communicable disease model?
Pathogen, Host , and environment
model that conceptualizes the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a new susceptible host.
Chain of Infection
State the levels of Chain of Infection
- Pathogen
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Disease to another host
Parenteral Route is through
Needles
Non-communicable disease can best be visualized by what model
Multi-causation disease model
What does multi-causation disease model visualizes?
That it is Difficult to discern the Cause
What are the contributing factors of Non-communicable Disease model
- Genetics
- Behavior
- Environment
Philippine 4 Major Non-Communicable Disease (Chronic Diseases or Lifestyle Related Diseases):
- Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
- Cancer
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Diabetes Mellitus
Rank high among the nation’s leading causes of death US
- Heart Disease
- Cancer
- Stroke
Blood supply to brain is interrupted
Stroke
(4th leading cause of death in US
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
(7th leading cause of death in US
Diabetes-type II
10th leading cause in US
– Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Brought considerable change on the health
status of Filipinos.
Urbanization in pHil
Influenced the spread of non-communicable
/lifestyle degenerative diseases
Globalization
– Increase the risk exposure
Globalization
taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or injury before pathogenesis occur.
Prevention
taking action to control a disease in progress.
Intervention
Prevention vs Intervention
Prevention- before the onset of disease
Intervention- During the progress of disease
means containment of a disease
Control
can include both prevention and intervention
measures.
Control
uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population.
Eradication
Prioritizing Prevention and
Control Efforts: (1-3)
- Leading cause of death
- Years of Potential Lost (YPLL)
- Economic cost to society
most common way people prioritize health
problems.
Leading cause of death
measurement that emphasizes the
importance of those diseases that kill people
of all ages
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
The U. S. spends ____% of its health care
budget on the four leading causes of death.
66.5%
Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or
health problem
Economic cost to society
Examples of Economic cost
- Cost of tReatment
- Loss of productivity
Levels of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Prevent or forestall (delay)the occurrence
Primary Prevention
Example Primary Prevention
- Vaccines
- Diet
- Exercise
- Non-risky behaviors
early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a
disease before the disease becomes advanced
and disability becomes severe.
Secondary Prevention
Example of Secondary Prevention
Health screenings
Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the disability
Tertiary Prevention
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases (3)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary
* Pasteurization
* Antibiotics/antivirals
* Disinfectants
Primary Prevention Communicable Disease
Primary prevention of Communicable disease
- Pasteurization
- Antibiotics/antivirals
- Disinfectants
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary
* Isolation
* Surveillance
* Quarantine
* Drug treatment
Secondary Prevention Communicable Disease
Secondary Prevention of Communicable Disease
- Isolation
- Surveillance
- Quarantine
- Drug treatment
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary
* Control for the individual
Tertiary Prevention Communicable Disease
time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Convalescence
Pasteurization=
Pasteurization=Sterilization
it means complete absence of microbes
Sterile
Sterilization in things
Autoclaving
Application of preventive
measures for the control of a
communicable disease
* HOW?
- Know the chain of infection –
prevention or control measures
can be used at each link - Practice Standard Precautions (barriers, handwashing, disposal of sharps)
Prevention of non-communicable
diseases (3)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
– Adequate food supplies (healthy foods)
– Housing
– Education opportunities
– Efficient community services
Primary prevention of non-communicable
diseases
What are the primary prevention of non-com disease
– Adequate food supplies (healthy foods)
– Housing
– Education opportunities
– Efficient community services
– Mass screenings for chronic diseases
– Personal screenings
Secondary prevention of non-communicable
diseases
What are the Secondary prevention of non-communicable
diseases?
– Mass screenings for chronic diseases
– Personal screenings
– Adequate emergency medical personnel
– Adequate services
– Adequate facilities
Tertiary prevention of non-communicable
diseases
What are Tertiary prevention of non-communicable
diseases
– Adequate emergency medical personnel
– Adequate services
– Adequate facilities
Modifiable or Non-Modifiable risk?
Vices (Behavior)
Modiafiable
Modifiable or Non-Modifiable risk?
Genetics
Non-Modifiable
