Nutrition Flashcards
the study of food in relation to health of an individual,
community or society and the process through which
food is used to sustain life and growth
Nutrition
any substance, organic or inorganic, when ingested or
eaten, nourishes the body by building and repairing
tissues, supplying heat and energy, and regulating bodily
processes.
Food
Do Food includes articles used as drink or food, and the
articles used for the component of such
Yes
Food Quality
- Safe to eat
- Nutritious
- Its palatability factors satisfy the consumer
- It has satiety value
- It offers variety and planned within the socio-economic context
- Free from toxic agents
Food Groups/ Nutrient Classification
Body Building (Grow)
Regulatory (Glow)
Furnish Energy (Go)
includes water, protein, fat,
carbohydrate and minerals.
Body Building (Grow)
– they maintain homeostasis of
body fluids and expedite metabolic processes.
Regulatory (Glow)
sometimes referred to as the
“fuel nutrients”. These are carbohydrates, fat and protein.
Furnish Energy (Go)
A chemical component needed by the body for one or
more of these three general functions: to provide energy,
to build and repair tissues, and to regulate life processes.
Nutrients
2 Types of Nutrients
1Macronutrients
2Micronutrients
the body has adequate supply of essential nutrients
that are efficiently utilized such that growth and good
health are maintained at the highest possible level.
Good Nutrition
lack of one or more essential nutrients (nutritional
deficiency)
Malnutrition
excessive nutrient supply to the
point of creating toxic or harmful effects (e.g.
overnutrition and hypervitaminosis)
Malnutrition
Primary factors of Malnutrition
faulty diet, poverty, ignorance, poor food habits, limited food
supply due to over population or low food
production, poor distribution of food, cultural taboos,
and many other factors
multiple and all conditions
within the body that reduce the ultimate supply of
nutrients to the cells after the food goes beyond the
mouth.
Secondary factors of Malnutrition
Secondary Factors of Malnutrition
Factors that interfere with normal digestions:
Factors that affect metabolism and utilization in the
cells
Factors that increase excretion and result in nutrient loss
Physiological or pathological condition and may lead to
nutritional deficiency
Types of Malnutrition
Undernutrition
Over nutrition
Specific Nutrient Deficiency
Four General Methods of Nutritional Assessment
1Anthropometric Assessment
2Biochemical Assessment
3Clinical Assessment
4Dietary Assessment
Most common is the determination of height and weight. These
are compared to standards. Should be repeated on an
individual to note the degree of change in nutritional status
over time
Anthropometric Assessment
urine and blood laboratory tests
Biochemical Assessment
Physical Assessment (P.E.) of an individual for signs and
symptoms suggestive of nutritional health and/or clinical
pathology
Clinical Assessment
collection of information regarding actual and habitual dietary
Dietary Assessment
How to compute for BMI?
weight (kg)/Height (m)^2
State the Category for Adults
< 16.5
Severely underweight
State the Category for Adults
> 40
Obese Class III
State the Category for Adults
18.5 - 25
Normal
State the Category for Adults
25 - 30
Overweight
State the Category for Adults
16.5 - 18.5
Underweight
State the Category for Adults
30 - 35
Obese Class I
State the Category for Adults
35 - 40
Obese Class II
Summary in Planning Nutritious Meals
balance,
variety and
moderation
- Needed by the body in large quantities to provide
energy and build tissues:
Macronutrients
Prevention & Management of Malnutrition
Eating a balanced meal;
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months;
Micronutrient supplementation; and
Food fortification
What are the Macronutrients? 3
protein
carbohydrate
fats
Build and repair cells and tissues
Supply energy
Regulate body processes
Proteins
PEM means
(Protein-Energy-Malnutrition
– deficiency dse
caused by prolonged malnutrition of protein, as well
as calories
PEM (Protein-Energy-Malnutrition)
Two forms of pem
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Kwashiorkor- Hair changes, Moon face, Thin muscles but fat is still present, edema, underweight
Maramus- Normal hair, Old man’s face, Thin muscles w/o fat, No edema, Very underweight
Chief source of energy
Carbohydrates
sole energy source for brain and nerve tissues
Carbohydrates
excessive intake of calories, whether from
carbohydrates, fats or proteins results to
obesity or
adiposity
In severe deficiencies of carbohydrate, the ill effects of limited total food intake result in
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
First clinical signs of Carbohydrate Malnutrition
decreased blood sugar level,
loss of weight, and retarded growth for infants and
children.
If the intake of fat and protein is normal, but the
carbohydrates intake is lower than the recommended
level to supply caloric requirements. What will occur?
ketosis or acidosis occurs
regulate certain life processes
Concentrated source of energy
Structural component
Supplier of essential fatty acids
Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins- vitamins A,D,E,K
Fats and lipids
Other functions of fats and lipids
has high satiety value,
contributes to flavor and palatability;
Helps retain moistness in food products
Deficiency of essential fatty acids causes retarded
growth and eczematous skin in infants. Excessive
intake above the normal levels resulting in extra
caloric supply leads to obesity.
Fat Malnutrition
needed by the body in small quantities to support
important biological processes.
Micronutrients
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals.
List the Vitamins
Vitamins include Vitamin A, D, E, K, and C, as well as the Bcomplex vitamins like thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), Niacin
(B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Folate (B9) and cyanocobalamin
(B12)
List the Minerals
Minerals include iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na),
Iodine (I), copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)
is a fat-soluble vitamin and cannot be synthesized or made in the body
Vitamin A
Over 90% of vitamin A is stored in
Liver
is the most
important cause of preventable blindness.
Vitamin A & Vitamin A Deficiency or VAD
comes from animal sources and is usually in the form of
retinol.
Preformed vitamin A
Preformed Vitamin A that is readily absorbable and can be used by the
body immediately
Retinol
comes from plants and is usually in the form of
carotene. This can be converted to retinol in the
body.
Provitamin A Carotenoid
Provitamin A carotenoid is abundant in
It is abundant in dark colored fruits and
vegetables.
A condition that results from prolonged inadequate
intake of vitamin A, resulting in a low vitamin A level
in the blood therefore not being available to carry
out its functions
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
Leads to Xerophthalmia
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
Causes of VAD
Inadequate intake of Vitamin A
Non-breastfeeding
Frequent illness and malnutrition
is an essential trace mineral for hemoglobin (Hb)
formation that is needed for oxygen transport
Iron
Sources of Iron (2)
1 Heme-iron
2 Non-heme iron
iron from animal sources: liver, kidney, spleen,
heart, blood, meat, chicken, and fish/shellfish
Heme iron
– iron from plant sources: legumes, cereals,
dark green leafy vegetables.
Non-heme iron
Iron Inhibitors (2)
1 Tannin
2 Phytate
a substance found in tea and
coffee
Tannin
a substance found in whole
grains, legumes and seeds
Phytate
is a condition resulting from inadequate iron in the body.
It is the most common nutritional deficiency and the
leading cause of anemia.
Iron Deficiency
refers to the severe depletion of iron stores which
results in low Hb concentration. The body cannot make
enough Hb and healthy RBC because it lacks iron
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
Clinical signs & symptoms of anemia
Palmar pallor
Pale conjunctiva
Pale nailbeds
Pale buccal mucosa
is a water-soluble B vitamin.
Folate/ Folic acid
water-soluble B vitamin in the form found in foods.
Folate
is a synthetic compound of folate and is the
form available as supplement
Folic acid
True or False
Folate is involved in the synthesis of DNA
True
Effects of Folate/Folic Anemia (2)
1 Neural Tube defects
2 Megaloblastic anemia
2 Types of NEural Tube defects
1 Spina bifida
2 Ancephaly
– characterized by incomplete fusion of the vertebral
arches with protruding sac with meninges, spinal cord and nerve roots.
Spina bifida
absence of a forebrain
Ancephaly
is a mineral that is an essential component of
thyroid hormones
Iodine
refers to the abnormalities that result when the
body does not get enough iodine. It is the most common
cause of preventable mental retardation.
Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD)
Lack of iodine results to physical retardation in the form of
cretinism
Essential for the normal functioning of the immune
system by producing white blood cells and regulating
the way other immune cells functions.
Vitamin A
