WEEK 1 Flashcards
- Used to denote an increase in physical size or a quantitative change
GROWTH
pattern of physiologic growth is similar to all people
GROWTH
- Height
- Weight
- Bone size
- Dentition
INDICATORS OF GROWTH
Used to denote an increase in skill or the ability to
function.
DEVELOPMENT
Qualitative change, behavioral aspect of growth.
DEVELOPMENT
- A synonym for development
- Behaving in a sensible grown up way
MATURATION
- GENETICS
- ENVIRONMENT
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
- Socio-economic level
- Parent-child relationship
- Ordinal position in the family
- Health
- Nutrition
- ENVIRONMENT
- Gender
- Race
- Health
- Intelligence
- GENETICS
a skill or a growth responsibility arising at a particular time in an individual`s life.
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
successful achievement will provide a foundation for the accomplishment of future tasks
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Refers to the Personality Development
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
concepts of unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, the id, ego and the superego
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
- ID
- EGO
- SUPEREGO
STRUCTURES OF THE PSYCHE
developed during infancy operates under
“pleasure principle”
- ID
developed during toddler period operates under “reality principle”
- EGO
balances the id and superego
- EGO
developed during preschool period operates
under “conscience-morality principle”
- SUPEREGO
- ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
- ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
- PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
FIVE STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Child explores the world by using the mouth, esp.
the tongue
- ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
Feelings of dependence arise & can persist through
life.
- ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
difficulty in trusting others may be demonstrated
FIXATION : ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
- Nail-biting
- Smoking
- Overeating
- Alcoholism
- Argumentativeness
- Overdependence
FIXATION : ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
produces pleasure & sense of comfort & safety
POSITIVE : ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
- Provide oral stimulation like pacifiers.
- Do not discourage thumb sucking.
- Encourage breastfeeding
- Encourage the caregiver to have feeding
pleasurable & provide when required
ORAL STAGE (birth - 18 months)
Anus & rectum are the centers of pleasure
- ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
occurs during toilet training in which child learns
to control urination & defecation
- ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
obsessive compulsive personality traits (cruelty, temper tantrums,etc.)
FIXATION: 2. ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
creative personality & productivity.
PRODUCTIVITY: 2. ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
Help the child achieve bowel & bladder elimination
without undue emphasis on its importance
- ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
Even when hospitalized, continue toilet training.
- ANAL STAGE (18 months – 3 years)
Genitals are the center of pleasure
- PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
Child learns sexual identity through the awareness
of the genital area
- PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
Masturbation offers pleasure
- PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
difficulties with sexual identity & problems with authority
FIXATION: 3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
encourages identity & identifies with the parent of the opposite sex & later takes on a love relationship.
POSITIVE: 3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
refers to the male child`s attraction to his mother & hostile attitudes to his father.
Oedipus Complex
refers to the female child`s attraction to his father & hostile attitudes to his mother
Electra Complex
.Explain to the caregiver to accept the child`s
interest like fondling with his genitals
PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
Help the parents answer the child`s questions
about birth & sexual differences
PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
Child`s personality dev’t appears to be non-active or dormant
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Energy is directed to physical & intellectual
activities
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Sexual impulses tend to be repressed
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
obsessiveness & lack of self-motivation
FIXATION: 4. LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
high self-esteem
POSITIVE: 4. LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Help the child to have positive experiences to help
in the dev`t of his self-esteem
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Help the child prepare for the conflicts of
adolescence.
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Encourage the child with intellectual & physical
pursuits
- LATENCY STAGE (6-12 YRS. OLD)
Energy is directed towards attaining a mature
sexual relationship
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
This involves reactivation of the pre-genital
impulses
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
sexual problems (frigidity, impotence & inability to have a satisfactory sexual relationship)
FIXATION: 5. GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
achievement of independence & wise decision making
POSITIVE: 5. GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
Encourage separation from parents.
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
Provide opportunities for the child to relate to the
opposite sex
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
Allow the child to verbalize feelings about new
relationships
- GENITAL STAGE (13 yrs. & after)
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
ERIK ERIKSON
Adapts & expands Freud`s theory to include the entire life span
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Believes the ego to be the conscious core of the
personality.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Each stage signals a Task that must be achieved
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
The resolution of the Task can be complete, partial
or unsuccessful
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
- INFANCY (0-1) : TRUST VS. MISTRUST
- TODDLER (1-3) : AUTONOMY VS. SHAME& DOUBT
- PRE-SCHOOL (3-5): INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
- SCHOOL AGE (6-12): INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
- ADOLESCENT (12-20) IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
INFANCY (0-1)
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Trust to others
2. Confidence
3. Love
INFANCY (0-1) : TRUST VS. MISTRUST
INDICATORS OF (-) RESOLUTION
1. Mistrust
2. Withdrawal
3. Estrangement
INFANCY (0-1) : TRUST VS. MISTRUST
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. Provide a primary caregiver
2. Provide an experience that add to security e.g. soft
sounds and touch
3. Provide visual stimulation for active child
involvement
INFANCY (0-1) : TRUST VS. MISTRUST
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME& DOUBT
TODDLER (1-3)
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Independence
2. Decides for self
3. Self-control
4. Cooperative
5. Self-expression
TODDLER (1-3) : AUTONOMY VS. SHAME& DOUBT
INDICATORS OF (-) RESOLUTION
1. Compulsive self-restraint (impulsive), or
compliance
2. Willfulness (rebellious) and defiance (refusal
to obey)
TODDLER (1-3) : AUTONOMY VS. SHAME& DOUBT
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
1. Provide opportunities for decision making
2. Praise for ability to make decisions
3. Caregivers should allow children to do things they
want to do
TODDLER (1-3) : AUTONOMY VS. SHAME& DOUBT
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
PRE-SCHOOL (3-5)
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Learns how to do things
2. Assertiveness
3. Purpose
4. Evaluates own behavior
PRE-SCHOOL (3-5): INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
INDICATORS OF (-) RESOLUTION
1. Lack of self-confidence
2. Pessimism
3. Fear of wrongdoing
4. Over control/Over restriction of own activity
PRE-SCHOOL (3-5): INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
1. Provide opportunities for exploring new places
and activities
2. Allow play to include activities involving water,
clay, or finger paint
PRE-SCHOOL (3-5): INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
SCHOOL AGE (6-12)
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Learns how to do things well
2. Able to create, develop and manipulate
3. Sense of competence and perseverance
SCHOOL AGE (6-12): INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
INDICATORS OF (-) RESOLUTION
1. Loss of hope
2. Withdrawal from school and peer.
SCHOOL AGE (6-12): INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. Allow child to assemble and complete a short
project so that child feels rewarded for accomplishments
SCHOOL AGE (6-12): INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
ADOLESCENT (12-20)
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Coherent of self
2. Plans to actualize one`s abilities
ADOLESCENT (12-20) IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
INDICATORS OF (-) RESOLUTION
1. Feelings of confusion
2. Indecisiveness
3. Possible antisocialism
INDICATORS OF (+) RESOLUTION
1. Coherent of self
2. Plans to actualize one`s abilities
INTERPERSONAL MODEL
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
Behavior is motivated by needs to avoid & satisfy
needs.
INTERPERSONAL MODEL
- personality is shaped almost entirely by one’s relationships with other people
- INTERPERSONAL MODEL
- PROTOTAXIC LEVEL
- PARATAXIC LEVEL
- SYNTAXIC LEVEL
LEVELS OF COGNITION
– able to accurately communicate experiences to others;
- developed at age 12-18 months
SYNTAXIC LEVEL
– unable to accurately communicate experiences to others
PARATAXIC LEVEL
unable to communicate experiences; common among infants and newborns
PROTOTAXIC LEVEL
A. INFANCY
B. CHILDHOOD
C. JUVENILE
D. PREADOLESCENCE
E. EARLY ADOLESCENCE
F. LATE ADOLESCENCE
INTERPERSONAL MODEL DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Start at any time after about age 16 or when a
person is able to feel both intimacy and lust
toward the same person
F. LATE ADOLESCENCE
Stable pattern of sexual activity and the growth of the syntaxic mode
F. LATE ADOLESCENCE
- Attraction with opposite sex
- Development of best friends (same gender)
E. EARLY ADOLESCENCE
May confuse lust with love and develop sexual
relationships that are devoid of true intimacy
E. EARLY ADOLESCENCE
BEGINNING – need for best friend
END – eruption of lust (age 8-9)
D. PREADOLESCENCE
- Most crucial stage
- Rectification of earlier mistakes (stage of perfection)
D. PREADOLESCENCE
Errors made in this stage are nearly impossible to
overcome in later life
D. PREADOLESCENCE
Formation of same-gender or cross-gender
CHUMSHIPS
D. PREADOLESCENCE
BEGINNING – need for peers of equal status
END – need for chum, or a single best friend
C. JUVENILE
Children learn how to COMPETE, COMPROMISE, and COOPERATE.
C. JUVENILE
BEGINNING – with syntaxic language
END – need for playmates of equal status
B. CHILDHOOD
RELATIONSHIP – with mother, who is now differentiated from other persons who nurture the child
- Development of IMAGINARY PLAYMATES
B. CHILDHOOD
- Period from birth until with syntaxic language
- AUTISTIC LANGUAGE is common
A. INFANCY
Relationship with mother includes two opposing forces: tenderness and anxiety
A. INFANCY
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
Described child’s development in terms of their concept of right or wrong
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Described that INFANTS are in the PRERELIGIOUS STAGE
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL (EGOCENTRIC FOCUS
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL (SOCIETAL FOCUS)
LEVEL 3 : POSTCONVENTIONAL (UNIVERSAL FOCUS)
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
A. STAGE 1 : 2-3 YEARS
B. STAGE 2: : 4-7 YEARS
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL (EGOCENTRIC FOCUS)
C. STAGE 3 : 7-10 YEARS
D. STAGE 4: 10-12 YEARS
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL (SOCIETAL FOCUS)
STAGE 5 : OLDER THAN 12
. LEVEL 3 : POSTCONVENTIONAL (UNIVERSAL FOCUS)
EGOCENTRIC FOCUS
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL
SOCIETAL FOCUS
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL
UNIVERSAL FOCUS
. LEVEL 3 : POSTCONVENTIONAL
authority figures are obeyed
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL (EGOCENTRIC FOCUS)
Heteronomous Morality or Punishment Obedience Orientation
STAGE 1 : 2-3 YEARS
Child does right because a parent tells him to avoid punishment
STAGE 1 : 2-3 YEARS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. Child needs to determine what right actions are.
2. Give clear instructions to avoid confusions.
STAGE 1 : 2-3 YEARS
Naive Instrumental Hedonism or Instrumental Relativist Orientation
STAGE 2: : 4-7 YEARS
Carries out actions to satisfy own needs rather
than society’s
STAGE 2: : 4-7 YEARS
Does something for another if that person does something for him in return- “an eye for an eye” (TALEON LAW)
STAGE 2: : 4-7 YEARS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. Child is unable to recognize that situations require actions.
- Unable to take responsibility for self-care as meeting own needs interferes with this
STAGE 2: : 4-7 YEARS
Cordial interpersonal relationships are maintained.
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL (SOCIETAL FOCUS)
Conformity or Interpersonal Concordance Orientation
STAGE 3 : 7-10 YEARS
- Follows rules because of a need to be a good person in own eyes and in the eyes of others
- “Good boy or Good girl” image is important.
STAGE 3 : 7-10 YEARS
1.Law & Order Orientation
2.Individual feels duty bound to maintain social order.
STAGE 4: 10-12 YEARS
Follows rules of authority figures as well as parents to keep the system working
STAGE 4: 10-12 YEARS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. Child often asks what the rules are & is something
“right”.
- May have difficulty in modifying a procedure
because one method may not be “right”.
STAGE 4: 10-12 YEARS
Individual understands the morality of having democratically established laws
. LEVEL 3 : POSTCONVENTIONAL (UNIVERSAL FOCUS)
.Utilitarian or Social Contract Legalistic Orientation
STAGE 5 : OLDER THAN 12
2.Follows standards of society for the good of all people
3.It is wrong to violate others right
STAGE 5 : OLDER THAN 12
NURSING IMPLICATIONS:
1. An adolescent can be responsible for self-care
because he views this as a standard of adult
behavior
STAGE 5 : OLDER THAN 12
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
JEAN PIAGET
Described child’s development in terms of
cognitive abilities
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Variety of new experiences (STIMULI) must exist
before intellectual abilities can develop
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- ASSIMILATION
- ACCOMODATION
- ADAPTATION OR COPING BEHAVIOR
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: THREE PRIMARY ABILITIES
Ability to handle the demands made by the environment
- ADAPTATION OR COPING BEHAVIOR
Process of change whereby cognitive processes matures sufficiently to allow the person to solve problems that was unsolvable before
- ACCOMODATION
Process through which humans encounter & react to new situations by using the mechanisms they already possess.
- ASSIMILATION
I. SENSORIMOTOR (birth - 2 years)
ll. PREOPERATIONAL (2-7 YEARS)
lll. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THROUGH (7-12 YEARS)
IV. FORMAL OPERATIONS (12 YEARS)
PHASES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1: USE OF REFLEXES (BIRTH – 1 MONTH)
STAGE 2: PRIMARY CIRCULAR RXN (1-4 MONTHS)
STAGE 3: SECONDARY CIRCULAR RXN (4-8 MONTHS)
STAGE 4: COORDINATION OF SECONDARY RXN (8-12 MONTHS)
STAGE 5: TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTION (12-18 MONTHS)
STAGE 6: INVENTION OF NEW MEANS THROUGH
MENTAL COMBINATIONS ( 18-24 MONTHS)
I. SENSORIMOTOR (birth - 2 years)
Sensory organs & muscles become more
functional.
I. SENSORIMOTOR (birth - 2 years)
Turning the mouth or nose in the direction of
any facial touch. Disappears at 6 weeks
ROOTING
Using the tongue& mouth to take fluid or food.
Disappears at 6months
SUCKING
Movement of throat muscles to push food from
mouth to esophagus.
SWALLOWING
- Firm contraction of the hand muscles around an
object. Disappears at 6 weeks – 3 months.
GRASPING
When foot stroke, toes fan upward & outward
Disappears at 3 months.
BABINSKI
When startled, arms & legs swing quickly out;
then immediately back & neonate curls up into
a ball. Disappears at 4 - 5 months
MORO REFLEX
When head is turned to side, arm & leg on same
side are extended in a fencing posture.
Disappears at 2 - 3 months
TONIC NECK
EXTRUSION
Tongue pushes outward when touched by an
object at the tip. Disappears at 4 months.
Hand-mouth & eye-ear coordination develop.
STAGE 2: PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION (1-4 MONTHS)
Infants spend much time looking at objects & separating self from them.
STAGE 2: PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION (1-4 MONTHS)
Beginning intention of behavior is present (infant brings thumb to mouth for a purpose: to suck it)
STAGE 2: PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION (1-4 MONTHS)
Enjoyable activity for this period: a rattle or a parent’s voice
STAGE 2: PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION (1-4 MONTHS)
Infant learns to initiate, recognize and repeat pleasurable experiences from environment
STAGE 3: SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTION
(4-8 MONTHS)
- Memory traces are present (a parent coming near will pick him up).
- Good toy for this period: mirror, peek-a-boo
STAGE 3: SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTION
(4-8 MONTHS)
- Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals.
- Can search for and retrieve a toy that disappears
for view
STAGE 4: COORDINATION OF SECONDARY
REACTIONS (8-12 MONTHS)
- Recognizes shapes and sizes of familiar object.
- Because of increased sense of separateness,
infant experiences separation anxiety.
STAGE 4: COORDINATION OF SECONDARY
REACTIONS (8-12 MONTHS)
Good toy for this period: nesting toys (colored boxes).
STAGE 4: COORDINATION OF SECONDARY
REACTIONS (8-12 MONTHS)
- Rituals are important.
- Child is able to experiment to discover new properties as well as permanence
STAGE 5: TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTION
(12-18 MONTHS)
Good game for this period: throw and retrieve
STAGE 5: TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTION
(12-18 MONTHS)
- Uses memory and imitation to act
- Can solve basic problems
STAGE 6: INVENTION OF NEW MEANS THROUGH MENTAL COMBINATIONS ( 18-24 MONTHS)
Foresee maneuvers that will succeed or fail
Uses make believe and pretend play
STAGE 6: INVENTION OF NEW MEANS THROUGH MENTAL COMBINATIONS ( 18-24 MONTHS)
o Use symbols to represent objects (SYMBOLISM)
o With difficulty differentiating objects
A. PRE-CONCEPTUAL PHASE (2-4)
o Use symbols to represent objects (SYMBOLISM)
o With difficulty differentiating objects
A. PRE-CONCEPTUAL PHASE (2-4)
o Generalize things from experience (PRELOGICAL REASONING)
o Exhibit faulty judgment and conclusion
A. PRE-CONCEPTUAL PHASE (2-4)
See only one characteristic of an object (CENTERING)
o Fits information to their own idea (ASSIMILATION)
B. INTUITIVE PHASE (4-7)
o Magical thinking
o Egocentrism
B. INTUITIVE PHASE (4-7)
o Concept of time is now and distance is only as far as he can see
o Demonstrates beginning causation
B. INTUITIVE PHASE (4-7)
- Recognizes cause-and-effect relationships
- Able to discern truth despite change in physical
properties (CONSERVATION)
lll. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THROUGH (7-12 YEARS)
- Conservation of Quantity learned at age 7-8
- Conservation of Weight learned at age 9
lll. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THROUGH (7-12 YEARS)
- Conservation of Volume learned at age 11
- Inductive Reasoning (specific to general)
lll. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THROUGH (7-12 YEARS)
- Uses memory to learn
- Able to reverse steps (REVERSIBILITY)
IIl. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THROUGH (7-12 YEARS)
- Considers possibilities (ABSTRACT THINKING)
- Scientific reasoning
- Deductive reasoning (general to specific)
IV. FORMAL OPERATIONS (12 YEARS)
- Can deal with past, present and future
- Solves hypothetical problems
IV. FORMAL OPERATIONS (12 YEARS)
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
HAVIGHURST-
Successful achievement of task leads to
happiness & to success with later tasks.
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
Failure leads to unhappiness, disapproval by
society and difficulty with later tasks
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
- INFANCY & CHILDHOOD
- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
- ADOLESCENCE
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES & TASKS
- Establish more mature relationship
- Achieve a masculine & feminine role
- ADOLESCENCE
- Learn physical skills required for games
- Build healthy attitudes toward oneself
- Learn to socialize with peers
- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
- Learn appropriate masculine & feminine roles
- Gain basic reading, writing & mathematical skills
- Develop concepts necessary for everyday living
- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
- Formulate a conscience based on a value system
- Achieve personal independence
- Develop attitudes towards social groups & institution
- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
- Eat solid foods
- Control elimination of wastes
- Walk
- INFANCY & CHILDHOOD
- Relate emotionally to others
- Talk
- Distinguish right from wrong through the dev`t of conscience
- INFANCY & CHILDHOOD
- Learn sex differences & sexual modesty
- Achieve psychological stability
- Form simple concepts of social & physical reality
- INFANCY & CHILDHOOD
- Accept own body
- Establish emotional independence from parents
- ADOLESCENCE
- Achieve assurance of economic independence
- Prepare for an occupation
- Prepare for marriage & establishment of family
- ADOLESCENCE
- Acquire skills necessary to fulfill civic
responsibilities - Develop a set of values that guide behavior
- ADOLESCENCE
SPIRITUAL THEORY
JAMES FOWLER
Described child’s development in terms of
spirituality
SPIRITUAL THEORY
STAGE 0
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGES OF SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
- Undifferentiated (0-3)
- No concept of spirituality
STAGE 0
- Intuitive-Projective (4-6)
- Spirituality is formed from images and beliefs from trusted other
STAGE 1
- Mythic-Literal (7-12)
- Belief is marked by fantasy, stories and myths
STAGE 2
- Synthetic-Conventional (12-18)
- Societal expectations influence beliefs
STAGE 3
