Weather, Hazards And Climate Change

Question 1

What are the three cells

Answer 1

Hadley- near equator
Ferrel
Polar

Question 2

What happens at the 3 atmospheric circulation cells

Answer 2

Hadley-Found 0-30º. Found at equator- warm air rises at equator as suns energy is concentrated, it spreads north and south

Ferrel- 30-60º at 30º cool air falls and moves North and south at ground level. At 60 º warm air rises and spreads North and South

Polar- 60º+ cold air falls at the poles a the suns energy is less concentrated, and spreads away from the poles

Question 3

What does the global atmospheric circulation model describe

Answer 3

How air circulates between low and high pressure belts as a result of differing conditions at different latitudes. Involves transfer of heat via circulation cells

Question 4

Does cold air have high pressure of low pressure

Answer 4

High pressure as more particle per (area/volume) are in a contained space

Question 5

Does warm air have high pressure of low pressure

Answer 5

Low pressure as particles are more spread out due to having more energy to spread out

Question 6

What are winds?

Answer 6

The wind is the movement of air on a large scale. The air is made up of gases

Question 7

What causes winds?

Answer 7

Differences in air pressure

Question 8

What causes differences in air pressure?

Answer 8

Different temperatures
The equator is warmer than the North Pole or the South Pole
This difference causes different air pressures

Question 9

How does air pressure affect winds?

Answer 9

Winds move from high-pressure areas of the Earth to lower-pressure areas of the earth

Question 10

What wind does cool air sinking form

Answer 10

High pressure belts of wind

Question 11

What wind does cool air sinking form

Answer 11

Low pressure belts of wind

Question 12

What are trade winds

Answer 12

Winds that blow from 30º north towards the North Pole or from 30º South out towards the South Pole

In Southern Hemisphere
Blow from NW to SE to reach South Pole

In Northern hem
Blow SW to NE to reach the North Pole

Question 13

What are trade winds

Answer 13

Surface winds that blow 30º N or S towards equator

•In S hem, trade winds will blow from S-E to N-W until reach equator
•In N hem , trade winds will blow from NE to SW until reach equator

•Trade winds from the northern7 Southern Hemisphere meet at the equator where they are heated and the cycle begins again

Question 14

What pressure does rain form in

Answer 14

Low pressure

Question 15

What is climate change?

Answer 15

Change of climate over periods of time

Question 16

History of climate change

Answer 16

History of Climate Change
Interglacial pend around 400, ooo years ago
Glacial pain ann 20,000 years ago
last glacial period ended around 10,000 years
ago
Has been 5 interglacial periods in the last 450,000 years

Interglacial-warmer global avg temp
Glacial-Periods of colder temperature (usually below od
last for around so, ooo years longer than inter
glacial periods
without Changes to current be havin eat hi, The earth has warmed up by 0.8ºC since 1880
Expected to be 4.1º-4.8 higher than 1880 by 2100

Question 17

The greenhouse effect

Answer 17

Gas emitted which absorb the suns reflected relays from the earth so re-radiate them back to earth

Question 18

Evidence of climate change

Answer 18

Ice cores- can be extracted by drilling ice sheets
Each year a new layer of ice freezes into the top of an ice sheet. Examining the gases in each layer of ice can show us what the climate and temperature were like hundreds o thousands of years ago
Sometimes fossils and sediments that can give scientists even more info in there

Tree rings-Every year, a new ring forms in the trunk of trees. Ring are thicker in good conditions for growth(temperate and wet climate)
Counting number of tree rings shows the trees age. Tree rings can give us data on the climate no temperature for up to the last 10,000 years

Pollen analysis- plant pollen can be preserved in sediment. Comparing plant pollen from sediment and plant pollen from now an indicate what differences have occurred between the current climate and the past climate

Question 19

Natural causes of climate change

Answer 19

Milankovich cycles- there are 3
•Eccentricity- the orbit of the earth changes shape every 100,000 years. Sometiems the earths origin an be very circular meaning the earth is closer to the sun and giving us warmer temperatures.
Sometimes the orbit is more elliptical,giving us cooler temp.
•Precession- Earth doesn’t roatate perfectl, instead it ‘wobbles’. This means at times the earth wobbles closer to the sun, at other times the earth wobbles further from the sun. This course every 24,000 years, and alter the variations between summer and winter
•Axial tilt- earth does not sit direct straight within the North Pole. Instead, it is tilted at aroun 23.4º. However every 40,000 years this tilt changes. If the earth is tilted at a higher angle, there will be a bigger difference between summer and winter. F it is tilted at a lower angle, there is less of a difference

•Volcanoes- 2 ways - can cause an increase of co2 causing earth to trap more heat in side it’s atmospheric heating world up

Or they can creates ash clouds which restrict the rays of sun onto the earth so earth cool- this is the same with asteroids kicking up dust

Sun Spots- suns spores can vary -a sun spot is when the sun output more bnergy at times or part of the sun output the energy at times- due to reeactions in sun

Question 20

Human causes of climate change

Answer 20

Industry
Transport

Energy

Farming

Need to finish off

Question 21

Negative impacts of climate change

Answer 21

Maldives

Social:
•1600 people evacuated in 207 due to increased coastal flooing(sea level rising due to glaciers melting)
•People may be forced to move, potentillas off the islands to other countries, as sea levels rise and destroy land
•Ground water supplies can be contaminated with ea water, impacting people and crop growth

Economic
•Loss of crimsoned from tourism as its beaches and coral reefs destroyed
•Rehousing +evacuations cost the government large ammount of money

Environmental-
•Cora; reefs damaged and bleached- the living organisms will die due to bleaching as sea temperature rises

Question 22

Why do sea levels rise?

Answer 22

Thermal expansion-as water temp increases th distance between particle increases so the warm water occupies a larger volume

Melting of sea ice- mealting of ice increases tge water in the ocean

Question 23

Why is the Uk climate the way it is ?

Answer 23

Prevailing wind to uk is from south-west coming from Atlantic Ocean . Therefore ant rainfall carried in this ir falls on the western part of the UK making this much wetter than the eastern half

Maritime influence- uk is surrounded by sea= air filled with evaporated water making air moist= large ammount fo rainfall

North Atlantic drift- warm current of water brings warm water to UK from Caribbean This makes the UK’s winters very mild(not cold) as it heats the air

Circulation cells
Uk sits on boundary between Ferrel and polar class
Warm air from Ferrel melts cooler air from polar class
And air begins to rise as it is heated
= very wet weather forming over the uk as air is rising this is called depression

Alititude
Every 100 m 1ºc colder some areas of u cool-
Also as rain rises over mountains water vapour condenses into clouds and creates rainfall . Scar fell pike receives 178 days of rainfall

Question 24

Tropical Cyclones what are they and how are they formed

Answer 24

Tropical cyclone is. Very intense low pressure tropical storm
Aka hurricanes
Typhoons

At eye of storm nothing happens

Spiral weather patter

Distrubution of cyclones
Uneven near equator in northern hem travel est
South hem travel east.

Need 27ºc water

Question 25

Weather impacts of cyclones

Answer 25

High winds
Produce high winds over 119 km/h
Can cause severe damage to buildings. Trees can be uprooted by the force of he wind , smaller constructions such as beach huts can be moved or destroyed. Can cause damage , injury or loss of life

Intense Rainfall
As tropical rainfalls move over the ocean they take up a larg amount of water this results in a large volume of rainfall

Wether forecasters can estimate how much rain based on how fast the storm has been treavelling over the water. The internse rainfall created by the cyclone can lead to flooding, damage, injury (fast flowing water can knock people over)

Storm surges
Large rea of low pressure , causes level of sea to rise

Question 26

How tropical cyclones are formed

Answer 26

In areas near equator water is heated to 26.5ºC-27ºC evaporates rises into atmosphere
Rising air forms an area of low pressure , which when winds converge at the ocean Belgians to grow bigger and more powerful
The rising air begin to rotate due to the coriolos effect(effect of earth spinning)
This creates a tropical cyclone

As the cyclone routes annd grows it begins to move over the ocean as it moves it picks up more evaporated water remaking it more powerful

In the northern hem they move westwards i n S hem eastwards
Severe cyclones causes huge damage when they reach land they are an avgof 12 severe cyclones annually

Question 27

Hurricane sandy

Answer 27

Category 3 cyclone
Then cat 1 when hit land

Peaked as hit cuba

Happened 24th October in Jamaica hit New Jersey lost energy and disappeared in Ohio on nov 2nd

Impacts

Social- 150 people died- most of any hurricane e since Katrina
Milllions without electricity or water
Schools were distrusted for day

Economic
New York marathon cancelled , reducing money from tourism
Total economic damage was 65 billion
New York stock exchange was closed for days- making economy
Lots of businesses were damaged through high winds

Environmental
Nature reserves for animals were flooded by the storm surge, causing damage
Raw sewage. Released into waters in New York due to coastal flooding

Responses

GOVT- Voted to provide Ben of dollars to help with rebuilding and supporting victims

Rebuilding-The money provided by GOVT was split some went to homeowners and people worst hit by hurricane to rebuild their lives some went to businesses and community

Modern Technoogy - one of first hurricanes which used modern technology to aid responses
Social media warnings

Relief efforts- American Red Cross and US Army help with supplie giving to victims

Question 28

Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 28

Hit land in Philippines on 7th nov 2013
Winds over 306 km/h

Passed over Philippine’s by 8th and carried on path west towards south east chia

Formed on 2nd nov 2013 of South Pacific Ocean near Micronesia and travelled towards Philippines

Impacts
Social
6000 deaths with thousands reported missing
AID Couldn’t reach vulnerable people due to landslides blocking etc

Electricity was cut off to affected isnaldns due to flooding and landslides

Economic
$2 Ben in damages
Foreign AID agencies attempted to provide economic AID to vulnerable people

Environmental
Coastal areas of mangrove swamps were damaged and uprooted

Oil spill due to an oil tanker crashing damaging environment
Several areas evacuated due to chemical leaks

Response

Seven provinces in Philippines were placed under state of national clmatiy - allowed govt to redirect funds to help address the problems created by the typhoon

Relief efforts was slowed considerably because of damage to infrastructur
Air port severely damaged

Question 29

Causes of drought

Answer 29

Ocean current - currents that distribute and spread warm water and cold water around world

An darea recieve it cold water likely to recieve drought

El Niño
Air and water currents in the Pacific Ocean usually flow in one direction. El Niño events happens when these currents get weaker or change direction.

What is El Niño?
Trade winds
Low Pressure
El Niño events happen when these currents blowing westwards get weakt
or change direction (and go eastwards).
If pressure in the wester Pacific increases and pressure in the eastern
Pacific decreases, then the air and water currents can change from
westerlies to easterlies.
El Nino leads to less rainfall, less flooding, and more drought in the West
(Australia).
El Niño leads to more rainfall and flooding in the East (Latin America).

La Niña
When air and water currents strengthen

All together usually in the pacific, there i an area of low pressure over the western Pacific Ocean and an Arab of high pressure over the Easter Pacific Ocean
These conditions result in trade winds blowing wet i over the pacific form s America to Australia

Depressions of rain
Areas of high pressure can block depression stripping rain from reaching an area

Main cause of drought is air falling

Hydrological causes
When rivers drive ttc usually caused by lack of rainfall

Jet streams
Fast flowing air current that push weather around world

Can cause droughts by pushing high pressure air to different regions - ai sinks = no evaporation= no dorought

METEROLGICA;
WHEN AN area receives less rainfall and precipitation for an extende period

Question 30

What is a drought

Answer 30

Droughts are periods of time with below-average amounts of rainfall. Wat
supplies run low or run out during droughts. Drought is caused by a lack of
rainfall.

Question 31

California drought

Answer 31

2012 - preset

California is located in the South-west of the USA. It borders many other states including Oregon, Nevada and are one Richest US state

Causes
Natural-precious of lower rianladd due to high pressure e

Very Lowe snowfall in mount as which melt and add to rivers usually that didnt happen s

Human-
Colorado rivers supplies with water also supplies 6 other states . Stars had overextracted water form tge river

California has over extracted water from rivers

Impacts
Social
Ash from wildfire cintimnaetd water supplies

Buildings tated to subside due to water form underground aquifers being ver extracted \

Reduced waterline. Reduced ammount of hydroelectric energy

Economic
COS farmers 1.8 by + 10,000 agricultural jobs have been lost

Environmental
Wildfires have destroyed large ares of land in California
Less rainfall more water is taken from rivers this impacts w8dife living there

Responses

Monitoring rivers to check fish species hadn’t been endangered

River floes were limited during winter months to yield up reservoir behind da
Warnings on limiting water usage

Control points to check wate rhadt been contaminated by shaky seawater

Education progmraaaes to show people how to use water

Question 32

Ethiopia drought

Answer 32

Ethiopia is located in the East of Africa. IIt borders many other countries, including Somalia, Kenya and Sudan. It is also near to the blue Nile and lake tana+Red Sea

Causes

Natural- rely on two periods of rain a short and long wet season
Since 1980s short season of rain has been much shorter

Longseason ebcomes unpredictable

Human causes- warmer inane temp caused by inmate temp pushing diet air towards Ethiopia

Impacts

85% of Ethiopians live in countryside and rally on agricultur. Farming was negatively impacted

Widespread famine
Has occurred ad not enough food can be grown
People had to ingrate away

Economic
Cost $1.66 bn

Environmental;n
4.5 million animals have died
Forest fires

Responses

Farmer being helped ling term- development in tech and starter guides that are more resistant to drought

NGOSs are working to provide long term aid, such as clean water supplies , food and medial care

OXFAM UNICEF

Organise own relief programmes

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