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Geography. > Changing Cities > Flashcards

Changing Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

urbanisation-an increased proportion or
percentage of people living in an urban
area

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2
Q

what is a developing country?

A

A country with low human development

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3
Q

what is an emerging country?

A

A country with a high or medium human development

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4
Q

What is a developed country?

A

A country with very high human development

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5
Q

what is urban structure?

A

the arrangement of land use in urban areas

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6
Q

What are land use zones?

A

Areas in urban areas that have functions such as retail particular

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7
Q

what is the central business district

A

the centre of the city where many offices and shops are located

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8
Q

what is a commuter village?

A

A rural village separate from the city but within commuting distance(by car, train,etc) for its residents that work in the city

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9
Q

what is De-centralisation?

A

the movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from the CBDs into housing estates, retail and business parks in the suburbs

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10
Q

what is dereliction?

A

Where buildings are left unused or abandoned

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11
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

Declining industrial activity in a region or economy which causes high levels of unemployment

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12
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing connections between places and people across the world, through trade, ideology and cultural exchange

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13
Q

What is integrated transport ?

A

A system that links different types of transportatiuon to give commuters access to the whole city.

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14
Q

What is International Migration ?

A

The movment of people between countries, for work or long term residence

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15
Q

What is a Lower Income Country (LIC) ?

A

A country of low wealth and limited level of development

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16
Q

What is a major city ?

A

A city with a population of at least 200,000 inhabitants

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17
Q

what percentage of uk population live in towns or cities (urban areas)?

A

82%

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18
Q

push and Pull Factors causing migration

A

PUSH
•People’s homes and jobs destroyed by a natural disaster.
•Automation (things like combine harvesters) cause people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture.
•Land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like desertification.
•Government mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms into apartments in cities).
•Civil wars, like the Syrian Civil War, can force people to leave a place.
•Poor healthcare

PULL
•Cities usually have more doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing infrastructure.
•If the trend is that more people are moving to cities, people may just move to live closer to their family and friends.
•Cities usually have more cinemas, shops and fun things to do. Flight Club Darts and Junkyard Mini •Golf in the UK open sites in major cities, but not in rural areas.
•Cultural Freedom
•More infrastructure e.g more cinemas and shops etc
•Better living Conditions

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19
Q

urbanisisation

A

the rise/ increase proportion or percentage of people living in urban areas

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20
Q

suburbanisation push and pull factors

A

pull:
Cheaper housing
more greenbelt areas better for raising children
construction + house renovation is easier

Push:
government removing slums and shanti towns
de-industrialisation
crime
air pollution
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21
Q

situation of manchester

A

A major city in the north-west of the uk

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22
Q

situation of manchester

A

A major city in the north-west of the uk

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23
Q

situation defenition

A

description of the settlement in relation to other settlements and physical features around it

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24
Q

land use defenition

A

the purpose of an area

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25
Q

the main functions of cbd

A

high conc of shops and offices
high price of land
shops,tall, lots of main transport

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26
Q

suburban sprawl

A

irapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns

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27
Q

consequences of suburbanisation

A

leave a hole in cbd (holowing out) (ec)
better sense of community in suburbs(s)
increased pressure on greenbelt areas(en)
inc demand for local reatailling and services(ec+ s)
inc derelict+ empty buildings in CBD(ec +s)

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28
Q

causes for counter-urbanisation

A 
push:
trafiic congestion
poor conditions in cities
expensive housing
less space- overcrowing
crime
pull
large houses and gardens
cheaper housing
better quality of life
better technology
better transport(allows commuting)
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29
Q

consequences of counter-urbanisation

A

positive effect:
diversity increase
gentrification
reduced inner city

negative effect
house price increased
dormitory life-travelling to city/ town from suburbs

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30
Q

causes of re-urbanisation

A

push
governemt policies
new,eco-friendly buuildings are more affordable
counter-urbanisation raised house prices in suburbs

pull
young people often want to live close to work
university

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31
Q

Impacts of de-industrialisation

A 
tactories derelict
unemployment went un
people stayed unemoosen
people mad little money
anons had less tuna,
causes:
acobalisation
be-centralisation
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32
Q

man=hesters sustainable living

A

3500 park and ride schemes
bus lanes
jobs such as sustainability consulantant-5000 jobs creted
oxford road corridor has no cars but only buses bikes
developing safe enviroment exteding to health and social provisiomd
tram system
bus lanes
educating about sustainability and caring for environment

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33
Q

Why did people in developed countries first move to cities?

A

•Industrial revolution
•Agricultural revolution
Towns in UK grew by 10% a year between 1830 and 1890

Now 82% of UK pop live in a city

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34
Q

Why are cities in developing emerging countries growing so fast?

A

Push
Poor medical facilities
Fewer opportunities
“Primitive” living conditions
Loss of Wealth

Pull
Better medical care
Better living conditions
Cultural freedom
Political freedom
Family ties
More Jobs
More Facilities

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35
Q

What is quality of life in Mumbai ?

A

Topped list among 21 big cities in. Survey conducted to assess the capability of city admisisntaion to deliver a better quality of life over the medium and long term. However there are any factors that are bad for quality of life in umbai such as floods in Mumbai
Making life harder for people in Mumbai destroying their homes having a negative economic impact

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36
Q

Accessibility

A

The quality of being able to be reached from different places

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37
Q

Dense Population

A

A high population density in relation to the area that contains it (lots of people)

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38
Q

Resources

A

The total means available for economic & political growth; such as mineral wealth & labour force

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39
Q

Sparse Population

A

A low population density in relation to the area that contains it (few people)

40
Q

Conurbation

A

An area in which a number of existing urban areas have grown & merged into one large urban area

41
Q

Urban Core

A

Areas that have high population densities & high transit, walking and cycling work trip market shares

42
Q

Tertiary industry

A

An industry which provides a service, such as banks, shops, schools, hospitals and restaurants

43
Q

Rural Periphery

A

The outskirts of a countryside area- very remote places

44
Q

Quaternary Industry

A

An industry which provides intellectual services such ad universities, research & development

45
Q

Industrialisation

A

The move from an economy dominated by the primary sector to manufacturing

46
Q

What is a site ?

A

Describes the actual land on which a settlement is built. Physical factors are most important in the initials choice of a site

47
Q

What is Situation ?

A

Describes the location of a settlement in relation to the things that re around it

48
Q

Location of Manchester

A

Manchester is a nodal point this is where many routes join (rivers)

49
Q

The types of Settlement Sites - Defensive

A

In order to protect themselves from an attack, settlements were built within a river meander, with the river giving protection on three sides, , Shrewsbury, or on a hill with good views Edinburgh

50
Q

The types of Settlement Sites - Bridging Point

A

Where a river was shallow enough to be crossed (a ford) or narrow enough to easily build a bridge (Oxford).

51
Q

The types of Settlement Sites - Dry Point

A

In especially wet
areas, settlements
were built on
slightly raised land
to avoid flooding or
the unhealthy
marshland
(Ely in
Cambridgeshire).

52
Q

The types of Settlement Sites - Nodal Point

A

Where natural
routes meet, such
as several valleys
(York) or at the
confluence of two
rivers
(Cockermouth)
Or Route Focus

53
Q

The types of Settlement Sites - Wet Point

A

These settlements
were built at a
source of water in
an otherwise dry
area. For example,
in lowland Britain,
many settlements
were built at
springs at the foo
of chalk
escarpments
(North Downs

54
Q

Connectivity

A

The sate of being connected to the movement and flows involving human activity

55
Q

Routeways

A

A track, road, rail or waterway, used as a route to somewhere

56
Q

Transport Nodes

A

A special point within a transportation route or network where travellers or vehicles can enter or change route

57
Q

Function detention

A

The purpose of an area e.g for residential use or recreation or shopping

58
Q

Land use definition

A

The types of buildings or other features that are found in an area e.g terraced housing

59
Q

The main function of CBD’s

A

•High conc of shops and offices
•High price of land
•Shops, tall buildings, main transport

60
Q

Models used to show Uban Land use

A

Burgess

Pros
•Simple concentric circle model
•Good if towns and cities grow outwards fro an old centre

Cons
•Idea created in 1924- only based on Chicago
•Not great when towns don’t grow equally in all directions

Actions for improvement
•Could have studied more cities
•Could have studied in more detail on how the cities grow

Hoyt

Pros
•Developed after introduction of public transport
•1939 - Based on 142 American cities

Cons
•Sectors vary with different transport routes

Action for improvement
•He could have studied more cities in various countries around the world

61
Q

CBD Characteristics

A
62
Q

CBD Characteristics- Manchester

A

Social
•Busy:traffic & pedestrians
•Nodal point for transport routes- Man Picadilly & Victoria train stations
•Little residential land use

Economic
•High price of land
•Buildings are tall with multiple uses- e.g offices, hotels some shops

Cultural
•Conc of shops & offices+ Randal shopping centre
•Often zone with oldest buildings

63
Q

Inner City Characteristics- Main focus Manchester

A

Example Moss Side

Social
•Small houses, built near to factories to house workers

Economic
•Pooper people who can’t afford to commute & can only afford small houses traditionally live here

Cultural
•Ethinic groups live where so near important places e.g worship places

64
Q

Suburbs characteristics - Manchester

A

Example: Chorlton park - Suburbs

Social
•Less crowded & more pleasant, with less traffic and pollution

Economic
•Richer people who can afford to commute & Big houses live here

Cultural
People with families liv here as large spaces for leisure

65
Q

What are models ?

A

Theoretical frameworks that let us predict things like spatial relationships interaction with or across a space, and other issues of Geography

66
Q

What is a rural-urban fringe

A

On the outskirts of a city- This is where a town/city meets the country(side)

67
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The sociospatial process urban cities expand beyond original central areas forming suburbs

68
Q

Counter-urbanisation definition

A

The movement of people from urban areas back to rural ones

69
Q

Re-urbanisation

A

Movement of people back into an urban area that was previously abandoned or had a pop decrease

70
Q

What is re-development ?

A

The rehabilitation of city areas by renovating or replacing dilapidated buildings with new housing, public buildings, parks, roadways, industrial areas, etc

71
Q

Suburbanisation -Push and Pull factors

A

Push
•Overcrowding
•De-industrialisation- leading to job losses
•Fewer local services inked to high unemployment

Pull
•Perceived increase in quality of life
•More space
•Better housing
•Ease of commuting
•Increased in jobs and services- due to increase in pop and growth e.g out of town shopping

72
Q

What is de-industrialisation and what are the causes

A

De-industrialisation is the reduction of industrial activity in an area

Causes

Technological Advances
Technology advancing quickly meaning can replace jobs of humans+ better factories an be built overseas

Globalisation
When countries come more connected
Manufacturing businesses had to compete with international businesses

+Workers had to compete with workers internationally who were happy to receive less pay

Leading to bankruptcy as profit margins are lower

73
Q

Greenfield site

A

Undeveloped land used for agricultural design or left natural

74
Q

Hollowing out defitnioon

A

Movement of people away from an area that leads to closure and disrepair

75
Q

Brownfield sites defenition

A

Brownfield site - an old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development

76
Q

Green belt meaning

A

Green belt - land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted

77
Q

Counter urbanisation-

A

movement of people form urban areas back out to rural ones

78
Q

Causes for counter urbanisation

A

Push
Traffic congestion
Poor conditions in cities
expensive housing
Less space
Crime

Pull
Large houses and garden
Cheaper housing
Better quality of life
Better tech
Better tranport

79
Q

Consequences of counter-urbanisation

A

Positive and negative

Pros
Diversity increases
Gentrification(change character of nebourhood through more affluent residents and business)
Reduced inner city congestion

Cons
House price increased
Dormitory lufe

80
Q

Dormitory village meaning

A

An are near a city in which people live but travel each day to nearby town or bigger city to work

81
Q

Urban-regeneration

A

When action is taken to improve an urban area that has e lined in a number of areas

82
Q

Causes of reburbaisation

A

Reurbanisation- the redebveolpmeny of inner urban area to create new homes and job

Causes

Push
Govt polices often favour redevelopment of brownfield site

New ecofridenly buildings are more affordable to run

Counter urbanisation had lead to higher prices

Pull
Young people often want to live close to work and be in an area with entertainment facilities
Universities attract young people who want a good education

83
Q

Examples of urban regeneration

A

Building new or modern house
Providing new healthcare and education servcies

Building new transport routes

84
Q

Urban regeneration in Manchester - New Islington

A

Housing - houses were falling down and damp this was bad as some of the houses collapsed on people causing injuries and deaths. Houses that were damp often lead to causing illness .To stop this 1,70 new houses were built safe and warm, this meant people weren’t injured or I’ll meaning could get jobs and provide for family

Transport- no transport links = people couldn’t get to work this meant they couldn’t provide for faimily as no access to jobs meaning no income and no support for family..Tranprot routes into rides more people could get into Manchester increasing access to j probs

Healthcare- alcohol problem and addiction no good doctors or health doctors surgery built and acholol and drug problem clinics= better quality of life

Education- schools damaged falling apart teachers were bad a trashing . = poor education + bad job= new school built so better teahcers hired better qualifications = more money

Shops+services= not much shops + servcies -had to travel further so less jobs in local community they built new sho[s and services aswell as Tesco butchers and bakeries. Ore job opportunities

Outdoor space- no outdoor space- negative impact on health - news [artks tracks and wilds de were created- football pitches.- improved mental health

No youth clubs activites- kids not socialising = crime rates higher new youth clubs stated e.g football , scouts= more activities= more entertainment= less crime

85
Q

Populations growth in Manchester

A

541,000 + increased by 29% since 2011
Proportion of Christian’s decreased by 22%
People with no religious affiliation increased to 58.15 Muslims to 73.6%

86
Q

Migration to Manchester

A

National
To restore
Better jobs
Students to study

International
Asylum seekers escaping oncologist
Cheap housing

87
Q

Impacts of migration on Manchester

A

Multiculturalism 20%
Ethinic communities 68%

1 younger pop students average age 20-40

Multiculturalism increased

New rate of growth in housing

Presse on services

88
Q

De industrialisation

A

Decline of industrial activity in a city

Impact s
Derelict brownfield beuldingd and sites
Great Depression
People with little money

urban povert
Unemployment crime - unemployment t
Schools had less funding as less people working poorer e area

Causes
Globalisation - cities become part of global markets so is cheaper to have workers abroad competition on between compared

Decentralisation- news[aper rainy

Technological Davies - more goods cheaper less profit also means replaces human

89
Q

How everything in his in Manchester how it is organised

A

Core - high rise offices
Bloc,s with specialist shops and large deparmetent stores

Done of discard- older bonded shops and offices block

Zone of assimilation- expansion of CBD

Outer Coe- town hall theatre

Frame - wholesale, light manufacture

90
Q

Decentralisation reason

A

Increased car ownership
Increased road building
Cheap land on edge of urban areas
Plentiful supply of derelict ;and
High parking prices in urban areas
Use of home freezers

91
Q

Trafford centre

A

Out of town shopping
9 Km CBD

Probs close down soon

Easy access
Shops in area
Covered over

92
Q

Reviving city centre - Manchester

A

Improved public transport
Shopper buses
Tram network
Transport interchange s
Park and ride schmes

Improving saftey
Predeastionisation
Green areas on street with furniture
CCTV
Landscaping

Encouraging re-urbanisation

Limiting out of ton developmt

93
Q

Sustainability in Manchester

A

Cycle pays.

Ibrahim Maine commmutnity- developing safe nerviest of health and social provision

I can provides facilities where disadvantaged young people earn and address inequality

Sustainability
Park and ride schmes

Pedestrianisation
Oxford road corridor

Litter police - fine for cigarette

Carbon emotions reduced by 54%

Sustainability consultancy
5000 jobs created related to Dustin a bill
New homes
New schools

Recycling increased
39% trips sustainability;e

94
Q

Mumbai

A

21 million
Home to Bollywood
Most densely populated 11 mil use a day

Dora I+ slum in Mumbai
10,000 different businesses
165 million doll cares
113-14 tonnes of plastic recycled a day

95
Q

Where is Mumbai

A

South west coast of India next to Arabian Sea

96
Q

Mumbai improvements

A

Healthcare charity

Education improve tan

Rehousing statute gives

Bolllywood

Geography. (10 decks)

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