Changing Landscapes of the uk

Question 1

Sedimentary Rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples

Answer 1

1)crumbly+soft
2)small particles of sediment deposited in layers being compacted together
3Mostly south east but whole uk too
4)Limestone ,sandstone ,chalk,shale,clay,conglomerate

Question 2

Metamorphic Rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples

Answer 2

1)Very hard
2)extreme heat and pressure
3)north or uk and north of Ireland
4)marble ,slate

Question 3

Igneous rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples

Answer 3

1)Hard
2)Crystallisation of molten rock
3)North of uk and some dotted all over uk and NI
4)Granite+ Basalt

Question 4

what is clints and grikes?

Answer 4

lateral and horizontal grooves in rock that leave raised rock

Question 5

How are batholiths formed?

Answer 5

magma underground solidifies becoming igneous rock, as the softer sedimentary rock is eroded around it the igneous rock rises to the surface forming a dome like shape.

Question 6

what is erosion?

Answer 6

the process of rocks being wornaway and chipped awayby the weather and ocenas.

Question 7

what is weathering?

Answer 7

the process of rocks being broken down

Question 8

what is mass movement?

Answer 8

the downslope movement of material due to gravity

Question 9

what is transporation?

Answer 9

the process of broken down material being moved down the coastline

Question 10

List 5 Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 10

Shale
Limestone
Sandstone
Clay
Chalk

Question 11

Where are most sedimentary rocks found in the Uk

Answer 11

South-east

Question 12

3 examples of metamorphic rocks

Answer 12

Schist
Marble
Slate

Question 13

3 examples of igneous rocks

Answer 13

Basalt
Granite
Obsidian

Question 14

How are streams formed in karst scenery

Answer 14

Water builds up and for through permeable chalk or limestone forming a stream pushing its way out

Question 15

Factors for constructive and destructive waves

Answer 15

Win speed

Wind duration- length of time the wind has been blowing
Fetch- the distance the wind has blown over- long fetch=bigger waves

Question 16

Swash

Answer 16

Water running up the beach

Question 17

Backwash

Answer 17

Water running back down the beach towards the sea

Question 18

Constructive V Destructive

Answer 18

Constructive-
Build beaches up

Low energy= depsotuin
Low in height
Widely spaced

Swash is stronger than backwash
Creates wide and shallow beaches
Formed by light winds

Destructive
Backwash stronger than Swash
Tall and steep and closely spaced and break frequently

Formed by song winds with a large fetch
The waves form narrow and steep beaches
Waves are powerful and lead to a coastal erosion

Question 19

Headland

Answer 19

Piece of land usually harder than surrounding rock that sticks out into sea

Question 20

How do wave cut platforms form?

Answer 20

Erosion creates a wave cut notch, which gets deeper and deeper

Eventually re rock above the notch collapses and th sea transports it away

This process continues non-stop leaving a wave cut platform

Question 21

How are Caves,arches stacks, stumps formed?

Answer 21

Headlands are eroded, forming caves

These caves are eroded even further until they break the whole way through forming arches

Eventually the material at the top of the arch collapses forming lelavung a stack

Th stack is eroded forming a stump

Question 22

What is longshoreman drift?

Answer 22

The process of material being transported down a beach due to the angle of waves determined by the retailing wind direction

Question 23

Explain how longshore drift transports material(4 marks)

Answer 23

Longshore drift is the process if transportation and deposition. The prevailing wind direction pushes the sea at an angle towards the beach. The waves crash up the beach at an angle this is called Swash then the water goes back down the beach carrying material with it this is Calle backwash. Overtime longshore drift transports sediment

Question 24

Coastal defences

Answer 24

Hard engineering - Involves building artificial defencesusually out of concrete to intrput natural processes

•Sea walls
Concrete walls 35m high
Pros
effective at stopping sea and erosion
Often include a promenade

Cons
Obtrusive and unnatural to look at

Can be expensive to build and maintain

Groynes
Wooden or concrete structures built to obstruct longshore drift

Pros
Quick to be constructed
Trap sediments and broaden beach. The beac then absorbs wave energy
A bigger beach can attract more tourists

Cons
Intercut movement of sediment can have impact further along coats
Can be unsightly

Rip Rap(Rock-armour)
Large rocs and boulders piled at the foot of cliff sometimes in cages tot absorb aves energy reducing erosion

Pros
Absorb energy reducing erosion
Can be quickly put in place
Relatively cheap and easy to maintain

Soft Engineering-
Soft engineering is using nature to manage coastal retreat

Beach nourishment- sand or shingle is added to a bech to make a beach higher or wider- the bech can absorb more wav energy and protect the coastal one

Pros
Sediment s obatianed locally so it blends in

Easy and cheap to maintain
Encourages tourism

Cons
Need constant maintenance, which can become expensive
The work is often undertaken in the summer which can cause disruption

Sam\nd dune regeneration - grasses , bushes and trees are plated to stabilise dunes- helps the dunes, absorb energy of waves

Pros
develop and maintains a natural coastal environment
Popular with people and wildlife
Relatively cheap
Can look nice

Cons
Areas of beaches have to be fences/condened off, prohibiting access

It takes time for dine vegetation to become established

Question 25

Dawlish Warren Spit

Answer 25

Located in south west of UK. Located in county of Devon and located south east of Devon on the south coast . It borders Somerset and Cornwall

Benefits

Social -
Locals often play golf and walk on cliffs
Home to several thousand people and home to shops
Area known for sports such as kayaking

Economic-
Attracts 480,000 tourists per year

13% of people in the area work in tourism and spit tracts lots of tourists

Crucial for fisigindustry for the area
Muscles and oysters are caught here

Encore t- home to several species of animals and aquatic life