Changing Landscapes of the uk Flashcards
Sedimentary Rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples
1)crumbly+soft
2)small particles of sediment deposited in layers being compacted together
3Mostly south east but whole uk too
4)Limestone ,sandstone ,chalk,shale,clay,conglomerate
Metamorphic Rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples
1)Very hard
2)extreme heat and pressure
3)north or uk and north of Ireland
4)marble ,slate
Igneous rock
1)What are the characteristics
2)how is it formed
3) where is it found in the uk
4) examples
1)Hard
2)Crystallisation of molten rock
3)North of uk and some dotted all over uk and NI
4)Granite+ Basalt
what is clints and grikes?
lateral and horizontal grooves in rock that leave raised rock
How are batholiths formed?
magma underground solidifies becoming igneous rock, as the softer sedimentary rock is eroded around it the igneous rock rises to the surface forming a dome like shape.
what is erosion?
the process of rocks being wornaway and chipped awayby the weather and ocenas.
what is weathering?
the process of rocks being broken down
what is mass movement?
the downslope movement of material due to gravity
what is transporation?
the process of broken down material being moved down the coastline
List 5 Sedimentary Rocks
Shale
Limestone
Sandstone
Clay
Chalk
Where are most sedimentary rocks found in the Uk
South-east
3 examples of metamorphic rocks
Schist
Marble
Slate
3 examples of igneous rocks
Basalt
Granite
Obsidian
How are streams formed in karst scenery
Water builds up and for through permeable chalk or limestone forming a stream pushing its way out
Factors for constructive and destructive waves
Win speed
Wind duration- length of time the wind has been blowing
Fetch- the distance the wind has blown over- long fetch=bigger waves
Swash
Water running up the beach
Backwash
Water running back down the beach towards the sea
Constructive V Destructive
Constructive-
Build beaches up
Low energy= depsotuin
Low in height
Widely spaced
Swash is stronger than backwash
Creates wide and shallow beaches
Formed by light winds
Destructive
Backwash stronger than Swash
Tall and steep and closely spaced and break frequently
Formed by song winds with a large fetch
The waves form narrow and steep beaches
Waves are powerful and lead to a coastal erosion
Headland
Piece of land usually harder than surrounding rock that sticks out into sea
How do wave cut platforms form?
Erosion creates a wave cut notch, which gets deeper and deeper
Eventually re rock above the notch collapses and th sea transports it away
This process continues non-stop leaving a wave cut platform
How are Caves,arches stacks, stumps formed?
Headlands are eroded, forming caves
These caves are eroded even further until they break the whole way through forming arches
Eventually the material at the top of the arch collapses forming lelavung a stack
Th stack is eroded forming a stump
What is longshoreman drift?
The process of material being transported down a beach due to the angle of waves determined by the retailing wind direction
Explain how longshore drift transports material(4 marks)
Longshore drift is the process if transportation and deposition. The prevailing wind direction pushes the sea at an angle towards the beach. The waves crash up the beach at an angle this is called Swash then the water goes back down the beach carrying material with it this is Calle backwash. Overtime longshore drift transports sediment
Coastal defences
Hard engineering - Involves building artificial defencesusually out of concrete to intrput natural processes
•Sea walls
Concrete walls 35m high
Pros
effective at stopping sea and erosion
Often include a promenade
Cons
Obtrusive and unnatural to look at
Can be expensive to build and maintain
Groynes
Wooden or concrete structures built to obstruct longshore drift
Pros
Quick to be constructed
Trap sediments and broaden beach. The beac then absorbs wave energy
A bigger beach can attract more tourists
Cons
Intercut movement of sediment can have impact further along coats
Can be unsightly
Rip Rap(Rock-armour)
Large rocs and boulders piled at the foot of cliff sometimes in cages tot absorb aves energy reducing erosion
Pros
Absorb energy reducing erosion
Can be quickly put in place
Relatively cheap and easy to maintain
Soft Engineering-
Soft engineering is using nature to manage coastal retreat
Beach nourishment- sand or shingle is added to a bech to make a beach higher or wider- the bech can absorb more wav energy and protect the coastal one
Pros
Sediment s obatianed locally so it blends in
Easy and cheap to maintain
Encourages tourism
Cons
Need constant maintenance, which can become expensive
The work is often undertaken in the summer which can cause disruption
Sam\nd dune regeneration - grasses , bushes and trees are plated to stabilise dunes- helps the dunes, absorb energy of waves
Pros
develop and maintains a natural coastal environment
Popular with people and wildlife
Relatively cheap
Can look nice
Cons
Areas of beaches have to be fences/condened off, prohibiting access
It takes time for dine vegetation to become established
Dawlish Warren Spit
Located in south west of UK. Located in county of Devon and located south east of Devon on the south coast . It borders Somerset and Cornwall
Benefits
Social -
Locals often play golf and walk on cliffs
Home to several thousand people and home to shops
Area known for sports such as kayaking
Economic-
Attracts 480,000 tourists per year
13% of people in the area work in tourism and spit tracts lots of tourists
Crucial for fisigindustry for the area
Muscles and oysters are caught here
Encore t- home to several species of animals and aquatic life
