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Geography. > Ecosystems (Biodiversity And Management) > Flashcards

Ecosystems (Biodiversity And Management) Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of tundra

A

Climate
Cold(less than 0°C max 10°C
>250mm precip
Vegetation
Lichens+mosses

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2
Q

characteristics of

A
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3
Q

What medicines comes from the biosphere

A

• quinine comes from
bark and is used
as a painkiller
• periwinkle plant treats leukaemia
• st johns wort is used to help with depression
•Vitamin C is vital for health and found in oranges

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4
Q

What resources from the biosphere can be used for scaffolding?

A

• Bamboo
•Timber

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5
Q

Problems caused by the exploitation of biosphere

A

Water demand= droughts e.g Indonesia
Biofuel=Deforestation and destruction of habitat
mineral sources- e.g mountain top mining dust canpollute air=poor air quality in area for wildlife= ilness
sulphate + selenium dissolve in water can kill aquatic life

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6
Q

how does the climate affect the distribution of large scale ecosystems?

A

The ecosystems’ climates and weather differ so can influence what grows there .e.g. rainforests have the greatest amount of biodiversity due to a constant warm/high temperature lots of sunlight and plentiful supply of moisture. This provides perfect conditions for continuous growth of plants

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7
Q

What is a biome?

A

a large area of the earths surface which is defined by the types of plants and animals living there.

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8
Q

Characteristics of decidous woodlands

A

• Leaves fall in autumn so dont phtosynthesise
Trees=tall
Trees spaced out 4-5m

They occur in places with high rainfall, warm summers and cooler winters
Soil full of nutrients

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9
Q

Charcteristics of coniferous woodlands

A

Pine needles all year
Tall and skinny trees
Evergreen trees Furns on ground
Found 50-60° north of equator
Thick bark
Compacted together for warmth
Cold climate

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10
Q

Characteritics of moorland

A

-Heather
- Fields with often boardered trees
.hilly
a natural plants and grasses
. Few trees
- not intensely farmed
- Found in upland areas
-small shrubs such as heather
Acidic soild
Peat bogs
Rough grasslands

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11
Q

Where is the tropic of Capricorn and cancer

A

Capricorn=south of equator
Cancer= north of the equator

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12
Q

Wetlands characteristics

A

Where land meets
water
40% of wildlife rely on
. protect us from flooding and drought
they purify water
Most have gone in the uk
small grasses + moss next to
them

  • most wetlands have been drained
    for farmland use
    Low nutrients waterlogged soil
    with sedges too, mosses.
  • vital habitat for wading birds
    curlews & bitters.
  • also home to the very rare
    Fen raft spider
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13
Q

Heathland characteristics

A

Ground and grass= very dry
grass looks burnt
. Lots of Small twiggy plants
-scattered across uk
-u shaped valley
In lowland areas
- some are really dry land and
others boggy
- Inhabiting species include marsh
gentian, sudews (carnivorous plants). lady-
bird spider and sand lizard.

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14
Q

Uses of marine ecosystems

A

uses
- Fishing (recreation)
-tourism
Food consumption
-aquaculture
- nanotechnology
-education
-generating electricity
-nutrient recycling

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15
Q

What is litter?

A

Dead organic matter lying on the soil such as leaves

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16
Q

What is organic material ?

A

Something that was once living

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17
Q

What is inorganic material ?

A

Something that has never lived eg. Water

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18
Q

What is soil?

A

The top layer of the earth in which plants grow.it contains organic and inorganic material

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19
Q

What is biomass?

A

The ammount or weight of recently living or living organisms

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20
Q

What is the nutrient cycle?

A

The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic material into living matter

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21
Q

What is the food chain?

A

A series of steps by which energy is obtained and used by living organisms

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22
Q

What is the gfood web?

A

A network of food chains by which energy and nutrients ase passed from one species to another.it is essentially who eats who

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23
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The number of species present in an area

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24
Q

What are limiting factors ?

A

Factors that limit biodiversity / population size such as temp, moistures,light and nutrients. These factors are in abundance in tropical rainforests which accounts for their biodiversity

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25
Q

What conditions are needed to obtain a high biodiversity ?

A

• Poor soil (low nutrient soil)
• time (no glaciation)
• no harsh weather conditions or catastrophic events

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26
Q

Why is biodiversity so high in tropical rainforests ?

A

•High constant temp (26 -30°c)
• high levels of rainfall all year round (2000mm)
• high humidity
. Good levels of sunlight all year
• constant growing season
• nutrients low in soil so compete

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27
Q

List the 3 main goods from Trfs

A

• Food
• medicine
• wood

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28
Q

List l main service from Trfs

A

Tourism - recreation

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29
Q

List medicines derived from the amazon rainforest

A

vampire bats saliva-used to
prevent heart attacks
curare liana plant - used to treat
multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease
Novocaine from cacao plants is
a local an anesthetic
Quinine - comes fom th cinchona tree of south america and is used to theat malaria

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30
Q

List the impacts of climate change on Trfs

A

-forest fires = trees burn =CO2
stored in trees released
. 2°c inc in temp = insignificant rainfall = dry out
loose 20% of all species on the planet
- could loose genetic information in plants
that could help create new medicines + current
medicines

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31
Q

what is distribution ?

A

describes how something is spread out over an area of land

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32
Q

What is the key factor limiting the distribution of the worlds large-scale ecosystems?

A

Climate

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33
Q

biosphere

A

Sphere of combined proportions of planet in which all life exits including, land and atmosphere

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34
Q

biosphere uses

A

water- high demand biosphere deprived such as hammon wetalnds due to pop growth, building in neigbouring areas and wasteful irragtion

biofuel- carbon neutral valuable alternative from fossil fuels
destroys habbitts as areas are devoted to biofules
Mineral sources

demand for these has major impact on biosphere
pollutes air eith dust + poor air quality in area for animals
surrounding water has hugher levels of sulphate+selenium kills aquatic life

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35
Q

Types of woodlands and compare them

A

decidous
leaves fall in winter
trees+tall
trees spread about 4-5m
lots of trees
sunlight passes through branches

Coniferous
green pine needles
dark under trees
tall and skinny
more trees than decidous
ferns often on ground

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36
Q

moorland

A

heather
fields for sheep
often bordered with trees
few trees
hilly

natural plants and grasses
soil often acidic
upland areas

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37
Q

wetlands

A

where land meets water
40% of wildlife rely on them
protect from flooding + drought
35% have gone in uk
reducing 3x faster than a forest
low nutrients water logged soil
vital habitat for wading birds, curlews and bittens
also home to fen raft spider

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38
Q

heathland

A

ground and grass is dry
grass looks burnt
lots of shrubs+ twiggy plants
in lowland areas
some are dry some are boggy
inhabiting species incude
marsh gertian, suews, lady bird spider and and lizard

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39
Q

damages to marine ecosytems

A

overfishing- population of fish delcine making some species extinct
eutrophication-chemicals from farms go in sea killing fish + aquatic life

construction of large wind farms- disturbs sea creatures such as dolphins as they rely on sound and wind farms pollute eith sound

economic development reduces costal features and naturality some areas are damaged

construction of deep water ports, pollution: noise and chemical spillages, co2 etc

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40
Q

adaptations in trf

A

drip tips- remove ecess water
butess roots- stabilise tree
waxy leaves- stop water infiltration
tall straight tree trunks- grow striaght upwards to gain light

41
Q

animlas adaptations trf

A

colougos- huge gliding wings leaps from tree to tree

pangolians-curl themselves up into a ballto prtoect- super sense of smell
claws can dig through ground

mouse -lemurs0- nocturnals and small so can easily be miseed
often 10cm long
long tails to help them climb+ leap

chameleons- change colour to camoflaugue

42
Q

goods from trf

A

nuts
medicine]food ]vanilla
cocunuts
releases oxygen

43
Q

services trf

A

tourims
reduces flood risk
maintians water cycle

44
Q

medidicnes trf

A

vampire bats- saliva used to prevent heart attacks
curare liana plant- used to treat multiple sclerosisi and parkinsons

novacaine us a local aneasthetic

quinine- use to treat malaria comes from the cinchora tree

45
Q

medidicnes trf

A

vampire bats- saliva used to prevent heart attacks
curare liana plant- used to treat multiple sclerosisi and parkinsons

novacaine us a local aneasthetic

quinine- use to treat malaria comes from the cinchora tree

46
Q

woodlanddecidous animal adaptations

A

small birds in sub vcanpoy feed of insects + berries
home to foxs deers
squirrels and badgers

47
Q

structure of decidous- 4 layers

A

ground layer
herb layer
sub canopy
canopy

48
Q

soil decidous

A

rich nutrients- less rainfall less leaching in winter decomoosition is slower

deep root systems to acess nutrients dep down

49
Q

tree adaptations- deciodus

A

wide - sunlight
large + strong
leaves broad + soft - width more solar energy soft as they dont need as much of a waxy coating beacuse less rainfall

50
Q

decidous goods

A

wood-timber
medicines from willow tree bark

51
Q

services deciduous

A

tourism
reacreational visits

52
Q

threats to decidous

A

climate change- messes up germination+ inc risk of drought+inc risk of fire

timber extraction- defrorestation, agricultural change mre trees chopped down for farming

53
Q

What degrees in latitude are grassland bikes found in?

A

+23.5° and -23.5° latitude

54
Q

Describe the distribution of TRFS

A

Distribution of turf lie mostly near the equator in between the tropics of Capricorn and the tropics of cancer . Some of the TRFS are distributed in South America, West Africa, South Asia. They are often found between the tropics as it is hot an humid

55
Q

Distribution of Boreal Forest (aka Taiga)

A

O all fours types it is found i the highest latitude
Found in Canada , Norway, Russia,Sweden

56
Q

Describe the distribution of tropical grasslands

A

They are usually found between the tropics +23.5º and -23.5º of the equator
South America, India , AUSTRALIA
Examples include the African sAVANNAS

57
Q

Distribution of hot deserts

A

•15º-35º N+S of the equator
•Almost no rainfall,
•Temp=high in day but freezing at night
Sahara desert is an example of this

58
Q

Describe the distribution of Tundra

A

Arctic, Alaska and places close to the North Pole are Tundra

Far North an Souht of the World between 60º-75º

59
Q

Distribution of Temperate Grasslands

A

Found +30º
Wet+dry season
Dominant vegetation= grass
Found at higher latitudes

60
Q

Distribution of Temperate forests

A

Lie slightly North of the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere, so the distribution is uneven.

They can be found in Uk, Europe , France however there are some East of South America

61
Q

Brief overview of Temperate forests

A

Found in northern hemisphere
Foun in Europe, USA, China
Can be identified by 4 seasons -Shedding leaves in winter

62
Q

Climate V Local factors which affect the biome

NEEDS TO BE FINISHED OFF AND CONTINUED IT IS THE TP RIGHT OF THE FIRT PAGE ON THE ECOSYSTEMS, BIODIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT REVISION PAGE

A

Climatic
Equator rainfall all year- Reason =doesn’t tilt much from the sun
Tropics Containing desert

63
Q

Chrcteristics of hot desert

A

Temp above 30ºC
Less than 250mm rainfall per year

Plant have water storing features and extensive root systems

64
Q

Describe the Distribution of hot deserts

A

15-30º North+South of the equator

65
Q

Describe dish tips of tropical grasslands

A

Found between tropics between +23.5 and -23.5
Souht America , India, Australia

66
Q

Describe the distribution of a boreal forest

A

Found at highest latitudes
Found in Canada, Norway, Russia, Sweden

67
Q

Distribution of temperate Grasslands

A

Grassland biome found +30º

68
Q

Distribution of Tundra

A

•Far North and south between 60-75º
Arctic , Finland Alaska and places close to the North Pole

69
Q

Factors affecting distribution of biomes

A

Local
Areas behind mountains gets wet as air rises to go over the mountains when it moves in from the coast it cools- higher go colder gets so water vapour confesses over mountain

Colder on mountains- every 100m 1ºC colder this is because as air rises pressure decreases lower pressure at high altitudes= Temp to be colder at top of mountain

Soil- if soil doesn’t let water drain thorough it, the ecosystem will be swampy of marshy

Climactic
Equator rainfall all year- few seasons equator doesn’t tilt much from sun so same temp hapapesn to be good temp for evaporations clouds get haevay rain falls

Deserts in tropics- warm air rises from equator here it is hot, falls on the north+south tropics little moisture is left = rain shadow that gets little rainfall

Hotter in summer and older in summer in middle continents- canter of contentment hottter in summer and colder in winter beauve - sea warms coastal areas in winter and cools them in summer - can cause desert in middle of continent

Inter tropical convergence zone- colder air from north meats warm air from south and they mix= rainfall
= months with seasons
Brings about tropic grasslands in summer but dry in winter

70
Q

What is The biosphere

A

Combined portions of the plant which all life exists including land water and atmospehree(hydrosphere, atmosphere lithosphere= biosphere)

71
Q

Uses from Biosphere

A

Medicine
St. John wort plant helps with depression
Periwinkle plants used to treat leukaemia
Quinine does from bark and is used as a painkiller
Vitamin C- vital for health and found n oranges

Food
Fish and meat

Natural vegetation can be replaced with wheat and rice
Susatainable harvesting of fruits and berries

Raw Materials
Timber for construction
Bamboo for scalloping
Nature reserves provide resources for echos tourism
Rubber comes room trees and makes tyres
Wood pulp makes paper

72
Q

Ways the biosphere is exploited

A

Water
The huge demand for water around the world means other parts of biosphere are deprived such as the Hamoon Wetlands in Iran , there with a combination of drought, population growth , dam-building in neighbouring Afghanistan and wasteful irrigation have caused wetlands to dry up

Biofuel
Valuable alternative to fossil fuels as they provide renewable energy.Commerical production of biofuel = areas devoted to biofuel instead of crop= deforestations for example in Malaysia and Indonesia there has been a sharp increase in the number of Orangutans dying linked to mass biofuel production this effect biodiversity

Mineral Resources
Not part of Biosphere but increasing demand for them= Impacts on the biosphere
. An example is mountain top removal mining in which coal is mined by removing the tops of mountain to access to coal seams. This type of mining was developed in the Alppalachichn mountains in the east f the USA

73
Q

What is The Nutrient Cycle

A

The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter

74
Q

Gersmehl’s model what is shows

A

Biomass biggest store

Nutrients come in by soil due to weathering or rainfall

Nutrients are lost through surface runoff and leaching

The nutrients are transferred

Uptake by pants - leaves fallout - decomposition then the cycle repeats

75
Q

Uk marine ecosystem general facts size etc

A

Cover an are 3.5 times that of Uk whole land

Made up i of two parts:
Inshore ecosystems- found close to the shore and are very important for reaction ad tourism

Offshore ecosystems are found away from the shoreline and are important for commercial fishing and energy production

76
Q

How the Uk marine Ecosystems are used

A

Fishing
Energy:Oil
Energy:Wind
Tourism

77
Q

Human Activites and damage to marine ecosystem

A

Overfishing- reduces fish pop
Construction of deep water ports

Eutrophication- caused mainly by fertilisers being washed into sea from farmlands eventually kill aquatic life or makes it uninhabitable

Marine cables carry 95% of the world’s digital info - man made structures
=disturbances

Bats noise and water pollution

Litter

WInfarms- noise pollution creates a frequency which is uncomfortable for dolphins

Economic development- reduces coasta features that are used by aquatic life nd wildlife. Destroying habitats or essential needs

78
Q

Sea Empress oil spill

A

15th feb 1996

Milford in Pembrokeshire

72,000 tonnes of light crude iiil escaped
7,000 dead of oiled birds wer tokens
35 sssi
Holiday resort of Temby were left covered
120 miles of Welsh coastline contaminated
Clean up operation cost £60m

79
Q

Trf- why they have less nutrients

A

Biomass absorbs them up quickly so many species they compete

80
Q

When was gersmhel model created

A

1976

81
Q

Where are Trf found

A

In tropics

Ecmpe Bril
Republic of Congo
DRC Indonesia

82
Q

What is a Food web

A

A network of food chains by which energy and nutrients are passed from one species to another. Essentially who eats who

83
Q

What is a Food chain?

A

A series of steps by which energy is obtained and used by living ecostymetesm

84
Q

Trf Abiotic factors

A

Soil
Low nutrients variety of species can grow as not outcompeting by a dominant lager species, nutrients absorbed quickly

Rainfall
Lots of rainfall means growing can happen need water = need moisture for decomposition

Warm
Speeds up photosynthesis also decomposition happens quickly

85
Q

Adaptations of plants that live in tropical rainforests

A

Drip tips- remove excess water in conditions of over 2000mm of precipitation

Buttress roots- wide and thick=stabilise tree

Waxy leaves- stop water infiltrating leaves and rotting them

Tall straight tree trunk- grow straight towards the light to compete with other species

Epiphytes-sink roots into a host plant son they do not need to sun roots to ground

86
Q

Layer of Trf

A

Emergents- 40m highest trees , huge leaf cover for photosynthesis home to moneys and birds

Canopy Layer- 70% of species are here - 30m

Under canopy - vines etc here lianas and creepers

Shrub layer- anphiabian -poison dart frog

Forest floor and litter layer - not too much litter as decomposes quickly

87
Q

Changes to biodiversity due to climate change in Trf

A

Temp similar all year a slight change has caused specifies to not function with fluctuations

As conditions become drier and warmer other plant species suited to new conditions would spread out and outcompete

88
Q

Changes to function of Trf due to climate change

A

Less vegetation cover= when it rains, surface runoff will increase because of reduction in filtration = more dediment Claire d into drainage system polluting th water
\
Direr frost emits more cis thank soaks up , if dairy forest burn then Moore co2 emitted

89
Q

Changes to structure of Trf due to climate change

A

Most tree drop leaves when dry to avoid water loss

Trees have deep rots to reach groundwater if lesss die

No canopy if in dry season + tick underbrush ca grow this is a problem as it can block more light when caniopy grows which makes plants beneath dir

90
Q

Causes of deforestation in Trf

A

17% of Amzn rainforest lost

Logging- logging can be selective targeting high value wood - clearing forest destroys habitats

Road building- the trans amazonian highway opened up large parts of the frost & cleared tens- destruction of habitats- pollution - noise chemical air 1700km

Mineral extra to - clear rainforest ad minerals suc as manganese’s ,nickel ,tin cobalt

Commercial farming - deforestation to have places for fields for grain and cattle

Settlement an d pop goeth - people migrating to forest looking for work

Shaty toens pop has grown from 1154,000 in 2010 to 220,000 in 2012

Ubstinece famrinh - slash and burn to grow crops when nutrients gone and excuahstd move somewhere else

Energy development - hep dams created which end up flooding area if lad

91
Q

Methods of sustainable management of Trf

A

Selective logging— only chopping doe, some trees e.g old or expensive ones

Euducation- teaching people about the impacts of deforestation- rainforest conserved as peoples re more aware

Replanting- new tresss palanted to peel e old ones- more trees for people to use ]

Reducing demand for hardwood- strategies to reduce demand for hardwood e.g banning sae - fewer tees species ae cut down

Ecotourism- tourism that doesn’t harm the environment - provides source of income- not as many people log+farm= reduces deforestation and reduction of biodiversity

Causes little harm to the environment

92
Q

What is sustainable management

A

Meets the needs of current populations without compsriosmisng the needs for future generations

93
Q

The 4 layers in deciduous woodlands

A

Canopy - TALALE RTREESE OAK CHESTNIT
Sub canopy - MORE DIVERSE SHRUB LAYER. Wildlife- mall birds feeding off insects and berries squirrels
Herb layer -lasts such. S BRMABLES, BLUEBELLS, WILD GARLIC
Ground layer - mosses lead litter foxes , deer

94
Q

Solid infectious woodland

A

Rich of nutrients few species so 1 species dominate - less rainfall less leaching
Deep root system

95
Q

Good services TRF

A

Chop tress= firewood

Slices- our is resctration

Fuel

250 million visits a day to woodland

96
Q

Threats to deciduous woodlands

A

Climate change
Seed germination needs to be Cole/ mild if warmer in winter this means the germination wont happens

Increased risk of drought=frost fires

Also species not adapted to survive

Economic- deforestation

Timber extraction= fuel for construction

Farming - e fore station for cattle etc in last 100 year 7% of woodland ha been reduced

Urbanisation- 240,000 new houses need built a ear to keep up with demand

97
Q

New Forest

A

Found south of the Uk near Southampton and Bournemouth

175,000 people m;ove here

Majority abated by frosty commission

Cr parks toilets
Accessible by train and roads

Narrow roads blocks road

Yet parking people park on verges

How can conflicts be fixed

Bins for litter
Signage about animals

Ways the neforest forestry communion help

Courses- frosty commission has courses for private woodland owners and support volunteered in conservation work

Visitor controls
National par pr,ayes sustainable use of New Forest by encouraging visitors not to damage t and organist=it tourism to benefit lack Pepe

Susiatiable tranport schemes — abodes ca paled

Awareness raising-‘ 5 ways to love the forest’ leaflet

Green leaf tourism scheme - local business signed up to use local products

Conservation schmes: are funded by the National park authors

98
Q

Lynhurst village in new forest

A

In mode of New forst it is a tourist honey pot site - supermarkets near by remote - local businesses

Geography. (10 decks)

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