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Flight Class 22-13 > Weather- Chapter 2-3 > Flashcards

Weather- Chapter 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the jet stream?

A

Narrow band of strong winds at the top of the troposphere

avg speed 100-150 kts but can exceed 250kts

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2
Q

what are sea breezes?

A

sea breezes, besides being a wonderful adult beverage made of vodka, cranberry and grapefruit juices is also a type of wind see the picture

Warm air rises over land, cool air from over the water moves over warm land

(winds are named for where they come from)

Much like the vodka drink, sea breezes are best enjoyed in the day

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3
Q

what is a land breeze?

A

land breezes are opposite of sea breezes

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4
Q

what are the three characteristics of precipitation?

A
  1. showery
    1. sudden start and stop
    2. abrupt intensity changes
    3. cumuliform cloud types
  2. Continuous/Steady- gradual changes
    1. stratiform type clouds
  3. intermittent
    1. starts/stops >1 time during the hour
    2. can be either cumuliform or stratiform clouds
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5
Q

How do we locate and classify fronts?

A

Fronts are located and classified based on discontinuities in

temperature

dew point

wind

pressure

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6
Q

Describe stability with respect to lifted air

A

Stability of lifted air is determined by the temperature of the surrounding air

stable- colder air settles when the lifting action is removed

Unstable- warmer air continues to rise

neutraly stable- same temperature air simply remains at the point where lifting action was removed

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7
Q

Define:

Front

A

A front is a discontinuity between contrasting air masses

specific discontinuities used to locate and classify fronts are:

Temp

Dew Point

Wind

Pressure

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of

a cold front

A

cooler, more dense air moves into warm air

results in unstable conditions

cumuliform clouds

showery precipitation

moves faster than a warm front

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of

a warm front?

A

warmer air overtakes cooler air- usually slow moving

stable conditions prior to passage

stratiform clouds

little to no turbulence and

continuous precipitation

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of

an occluded front

A

cold front overtakes a warm front

wind shifts 180º from SE to NW

weather conditions associated with both cold and warm fronts over a very wide spread area

purple line with cold/warm symbols on the SAME side of the line

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of

stationary fronts?

how are they depicted on a surface chart?

A

alternating cold/warm front sybols pointing in OPPOSITE directions

similar to a warm front but less intense

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12
Q

What is a squall line?

how are they depicted on a surface chart

A

A squall line is a line of fast-moving thunderstorms

“dashed, double-dotted red line”

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13
Q

Cumulonimbus

A

Thunderstorms

Base at low altitudes and they build vertically

  1. Associated with
    1. Severe to extreme turbulence
    2. hail
    3. icing
    4. lightning
    5. violent or heavy
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14
Q

Gradient winds

location

which direction do they flow?

A

Gradient winds

above 2,000’

flow parallel to how the isobars are depicted on a surface chart

flow clockwise around high pressure centers

counter clockwise around low pressure centers

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15
Q

Surface Winds

Location

Direction

A

Surface winds

<2,000’

Heavily influenced by surface friction

do not flow exactly parallel to the isobars

Surface winds around a low pressure center will tend to turn toward the center

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16
Q

Nimbostratus

A

Thick, uniform, widespread clouds that build DOWNWARDS

  1. associated with
    1. heavy rain showers
    2. moderate turbulence
    3. NO THUNDER
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17
Q

Cloud Groups

Low

Middle

High

A

Only worry about knowing characteristics of Middle

6,500 AGL- 20,000’ AGL

prefix: “alto”

* High: “cirro” and no icing

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18
Q

What are the 4 methods of lift?

A

FOCT

  1. Frontal
  2. Orographic
  3. Convergence
  4. Thermal
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19
Q

Flight conditions associated stable/unstable air

A

nmeumonics

  1. Flight Conditions: FAT VIP Wants Chow
  2. Stable Atmosphere: Weary and Wet Sailors Pay Richly for Sultry, Stelettoed, Strippers
  3. Unstable Atmosphere: Captain Crunch is Really Good Cereal, Super Great Cereal
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20
Q

Define:

Turbulence

A

Turbulence is the irregular or disturbed atmospheric flow producing gusts and/or eddies

most dangerous at low altitude

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21
Q

What are the intensities of turbulence?

A

intensities of turbulence

  1. Light
  2. Moderate
  3. Severe
  4. Extreme
    1. declare emergency
    2. exit area ASAP
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22
Q

How do we report turbulene with respect to time?

A
  1. Occasional:
    1. <1/3 of the time
  2. Intermittent:
    1. 1/3- 2/3 of the time
  3. Continuous:
    1. <2/3 of the time
23
Q

How does thermal turbulence develop?

A

Thermal turbulence is a result of heating on the surface below.

The intensity depends on the type of surface being heated

24
Q

how does mechanical turbulence develop?

A

Mechanical turbulence is a result of buildings or ground objects interfering with normal wind flow

usually <1,000’ AGL

Strength depends on speed of wind, roughness of terrain, and stability of air

25
Q

how does frontal lifting create turbulence?

A

Frontal turbulence is the result of frontal lifting associated with the passage of a cold front

most prominent in fast moving cold fronts

26
Q

what is the primary hazard of low level wind shear turbulence?

A

I’m assuming its crashing because you’re at a low altitude

*remember: windshear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction that can occur anywhere

LLWS happens due to local phenomenon like inversions

27
Q

how are jet streams examples of wind shear turbulence?

A

Jet streams have a drastic change wind speed or direction.

Jet streams are an example of a high level wind shear

28
Q

what are the recommended procedures for flying through turbulence?

A

Turbulence Penetration

  1. Maintain power setting consistent with what is recommended for the aircraft
  2. trim aircraft for level flight
  3. don’t worry about changes in airspeed for now
  4. allow altitude to vary
  5. maintain pitch and bank by reference to attitude indicator and VFR scan
29
Q

What is structural icing?

A

Structural icing is the icing that happens on the body of the aircraft. It’s most dangerous when it happens on the airfoils because their aerodynamics will change

30
Q

what are hazards of structural icing?

A

Changes the aerodynamics of the airfoils

(increases weight and drag)

31
Q

what are the types of engine icing?

A

Engine Icing

  1. Compressor Icing
    1. causes imbalance in compressor vanes
    2. can result in ice ingestion leading to FOD hazard
  2. Induction Icing
    1. results in restricted airflow into the inlet leading to flameout
    2. can occur in high humidity at temps up to +10C
32
Q

how can we minimize or avoid the effects of icing?

A

DON’T FLY IN ICING CONDITIONS

always know where the freezing level is even in warm months

we also have anti-icing things (heated wings) which prevent ice from forming and de-icing (solutions) which will take the ice off once it has formed

33
Q

what is fog?

what are the two main types?

A

Fog is when a cloud base is within 50’ of the ground, greater than 20’ thick, and reduces visibility to <5/8 mile

Radiation

Advection

*dew point spread is 2C or less

34
Q

When will visibility be reported as obscured?

A

When visiblity is <7 miles

35
Q

what are the requirements for fog formation?

A

dew point spread <2C

*air is nearly saturated

36
Q

What are the hazards associated with thunderstorms?

A

just think about it:

hail, icing, microbursts, lots of turbulence, lightning, tornadoes,

(sharknadoes?!?)

37
Q

what is a microburst?

A

Microbursts are severe, localized downdraft 2,00-6,000 ft per min

produces a vortex ring of wind 20-200kts

last 5-10 min

very localized

38
Q

what techniques can we employ for avoiding thunderstorm hazards?

A

Avoiding Thunderstorm Hazards:

  1. Fly around it
  2. go over it (1,000’ per 10kt wind at top)
  3. go under it
  4. go through it: make sure you go through the bottom 1/3 of it to avoid hail and icing
39
Q

what are the requirements for the formation of icing?

A

Icing:

  1. visible moisture
  2. free air temperatures below freezing
40
Q

What are the characteristics of

clear ice?

A
  1. Clear ice
    1. 0 to -10° C
    2. freezing rain, large droplets
    3. CUMULUS clouds
    4. unstable conditions

*Freezes slowly after spreading out and altering the shape of the wing

difficult to remove

41
Q

What are the characteristics of

rime ice?

A

-10C to -20C (stable conditions)

stratus clouds

tiny droplets that freeze instantly

42
Q

what are the hazards associated with microbursts?

A

Take off and landing are especially dangerous in a microburst

IAS rapidly increases due to massive headwinds

you have lots of downdraft

loss of air speed on the other side due to a massive tailwind

43
Q

Cumuliform Clouds

what type of air do they develop from?

precipation?

A

Cumuliform Clouds:

develop from moist unstable air

assiciated with showery precipitation

(large puffy clous with more definite shapes and ertical development)

44
Q

Stratiform Clouds

what type of air do they develop from?

precipitation?

A

Stratiform Clouds

develop from moist stable air

steady precipitation

No definable shape

45
Q

What is a gust front?

A

Gust Front:

Dangerous gusty winds that occur 5-20 miles in front of an approaching thunderstorm

46
Q

Define:

Light Turbulence

A

momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude/attitude

47
Q

Define:

Moderate Turbulence

A

Changes in altitude/attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times.

Usually causes variations in indicated airspeed

48
Q

Severe Turbulence

A

large, abrupt changes in altitude/attitude. Usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of control

49
Q

Extreme Turbulence

A

Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control.

May cause structural damage

50
Q

What type of icing can occur at temperatures up to +10°C

A

Induction Icing can occur in non-freezing temperatures

needs high humidity

51
Q

What are the characteristics of Radiation Fog?

A

Radiation fog happens with nocturnal cooling of the ground

it is dissipated by the sun

most common type of fog

52
Q

What is Advection fog

A

Cooling of a moving airmass and to think for sun to penetrate

(cool air mass is brought in by winds and sits and stays until it is blown away again)

53
Q

Characteristics of Microbursts

A

severe, localized downdraft 2,000-6,000 ft/min

produces a vortex ring of wind 20-200 kts

short duration

very localized

54
Q

What happens to IAS when you enter a microburst?

when you leave a microburst?

A

IAS will rapidly increase when you enter a microburst due to massive headwinds

IAS will decrease because of the massive tailwind… but you also lose airspeded

Flight Class 22-13 (11 decks)

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