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Biology > WEAKNESS : Organisation, (animal tissues, organs and systems) > Flashcards

WEAKNESS : Organisation, (animal tissues, organs and systems) Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Digestive System

A
  • Digest food
  • By turning larger insoluble molecules
  • Into smaller soluble ones
  • For absorption of the nutrients
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2
Q

Pancreas and salivary gland role

A
  • Glands
  • Producing digestive juices
  • Which contain ENZYMES
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3
Q

Stomach Role

A
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
  • Which kills bacteria present
  • Begins digestion of protein
  • HCL provides optimum pH for protease to function
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4
Q

Small Intestine Role

A
  • Soluble food molecules

- Absorbed into bloodstream

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5
Q

Liver Role

A
  • Produces BILE
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6
Q

Bile Function

A

(produced by liver and stored in gall bladder)

  • Alkaline substance
  • Neutralising HCL in stomach
  • Bile EMULSIFIES LIPIDS (fats) to form droplets
  • This increases surface area of the lipid so the lipase enzyme can digest the lipids quicker
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7
Q

Large Intestine Role

A
  • Absorbs water from undigested food

- Producing faeces

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8
Q

Enzyme Role

A
  • Act as biological catalysts
  • So speed up the breakdown of food
  • Without being used up
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9
Q

active site

A
  • Site on an enzyme

- Complementary to its specific substrate

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10
Q

Metabolism def

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism

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11
Q

Examples of how Enzymes can be used

A
  1. Building larger molecules from smaller ones (glucose to starch)
  2. Changing one molecule to another (glucose to fructose)
  3. Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (Carbohydrates to glucose)
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12
Q

Where are LIPASES produced in the body?

A

(Pancreas and Small Intestine)

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13
Q

Where are PROTEASES produced in the body?

A

Stomach + (pancreas and small intestine)

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14
Q

Where are CARBOHYDRASES produced in the body?

A

Salivary Gland + (pancreas and small intestine)

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15
Q

Amylase

A
  • A carbohydrase
  • Salivary gland, pancreas
  • Breaks down starch into maltose
  • Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose
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16
Q

Pepsin

A
  • Protease

- Stomach

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17
Q

Carbohydrase function

A
  • Break down carbohydrates
  • Into MONOSACCHARIDES and DISACCHARIDES
  • eg. Amylase, maltose
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18
Q

Protease function

A
  • Break down proteins

- Into amino acids

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19
Q

Lipase function

A
  • Break down lipids (fats)

- Into fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

How can products of digestion be used

A
  • Bigger molecules, eg. Proteins

- Glucose for respiration

21
Q

How are the lungs adapted to gas exchange

A
  • Lots of alveoli (high surface area)
  • Lots of capillaries (high blood supply maintaining conc gradient)
  • alveoli walls are thin (smaller diffusion distance)
22
Q

Structure of Arteries

A
  • Thick, muscular walls (withstand pressure of pumping blood to whole body)
  • Narrow Lumen (increase pressure inside vessel so blood pumps more efficiently)
23
Q

Structure of Veins

A
  • Thin walls
  • Large Lumen (increased blood flow)
  • Valves (stops backflow of blood)
24
Q

Structure of Capillaries

A
  • Single cell thick walls (less diffusion distance)

- Narrow lumen

25
Q

What is heart rate controlled by?

A
  • Pacemaker

- Controlled by cells located in right atrium

26
Q

What happens if our natural pacemaker is faulty?

A
  • Artificial pacemaker
  • Corrects irregularities of heartbeat with an electrical impulse
  • Requires checkups throughout life
  • Small price to pay
27
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A
  • Where layers of fatty material build up inside coronary arteries
  • This narrows the lumen
  • Which reduces blood flow
  • So a lack of oxygen supplied to heart
  • Causing slowed heart beat, pain, heart attacks or death
28
Q

What are stents and how do they work?

A
  • Metal mesh placed in coronary artery
  • Tiny balloon is inflated, opening the artery and stent at the same time
  • Balloon is deflated and removed but stent remains open
  • This holds artery open allow flow of blood to heart
29
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Stents

A
  • Procedure is simple
  • Reduces risk of heart attack
  • Last a long time
  • However can cause blood clotting
30
Q

What are statins?

A
  • Can treat CHD
  • Drug which reduces Cholesterol in the body
  • Which slows rate of fatty material building in blood
  • Work by blocking an enzyme in liver needed to make cholesterol
31
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Statins

A
  • Reduces levels of BAD Cholesterol in blood
  • Reduces chances of heart attack
  • Need to be taken regularly and long term
  • Long time to have an effect
  • Side effects, including join pain
32
Q

What happens if there is a leaky or stiff valve in the heart and what can be done to fix it?

A
  • Blood flow from heart to rest of body is reduced
  • Surgery using mechanical or biological valves
  • Pig or cow valves
33
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of using mechanical and biological valves?

A
  • Mechanical last a long time
  • But medicine has to be taken for the rest of the patients life to prevent blood clotting
  • Biological valves do not require any medication
  • But only last about 12-15 years
  • May be rejected
34
Q

What are heart transplants?

A
  • In the case of heart failure

- Dead donors lungs or heart can be transplanted to a patient

35
Q

What are artificial hearts?

A
  • Used to keep patients alive until a biological transplant can be used
36
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A
  • Higher availability than biological hearts
  • Less chance of rejection
  • However don’t pump blood around body as well as biological ones
  • Stents + artificial heart increase likelihood of a stroke
37
Q

How can diseases interact and affect our health?

A
  • Pathogens can cause defects in our immune system
  • So an individual is more likely to suffer from another infectious disease
  • Viruses can trigger cancers
  • Immune responses to pathogens can trigger asthma or allergies
38
Q

Epidermal Tissue

A

Covers surfaces and protects them

39
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Tissue containing lots of chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis

40
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Tissue contains some chloroplasts but big air spaces for diffusion of gases

41
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transport tissue

- Transports water and dissolved minerals to leaves

42
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transport tissue

- Carries dissolved food from leaves around plant

43
Q

Meristem Tissue

A
  • Found at tops of shoots and roots

- Contain cells that can differentiate into any type of cell needed

44
Q

Translocation

A
  • Movement of food from leaves to rest of plant

- By phloem

45
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells

A
  • Root hairs increase surface area (so greater rate of active transport of minerals and osmosis of water)
  • Lots of mitochondria (to provide energy for active transport of minerals)
  • Large Vacuole (speeds up movement of water across membrane)
46
Q

Adaptations of Phloem

A
  • Made of living cells, supported by companion cells (companion cells provide energy through mitochondria) (energy required for sugars to move up an down plant)
  • Sieve plates form tubes which allow sugars to easily flow through by translocation
  • Few subcellular structures to aid flow of materials
47
Q

Adaptations of Xylem

A
  • No top and bottom walls between cells (continuous flow of water for increased rate of transpiration)
  • Walls thickened with lignin (supports plant)
  • Dead cells (continuous flow of water between cells)
48
Q

The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas
exchange and water loss.

Students should be able to describe the process of
transpiration and translocation, including the structure
and function of the stomata.

A

Students should be able to explain the effect of
changing temperature, humidity, air movement and
light intensity on the rate of transpiration.

Biology (26 decks)

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