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PYB208: Counselling > Wave 3: Cognitive & Behaviourism > Flashcards

Wave 3: Cognitive & Behaviourism Flashcards

1
Q

Name the different waves within Wave 3

A

Wave 1: Behaviourism
Wave 2: Cognitive (REBT) (CBT)
Wave 3: Mindfulness (ACT)

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2
Q

What is the Cognitive approach type?

A

Modernist

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3
Q

What is the behaviourism approach type?

A

Modernist

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4
Q

Who developed Behaviourism?

A

Skinner and Pavlov

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5
Q

Who developed cognitive?

A

Ellis (REBT) and Beck (CBT)

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6
Q

Who developed the Mindfulness approach?

A

Harris (ACT)

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7
Q

How does the behaviourism approach view people?

A
  • individuals behaviour is a product of their learning

- old behaviours can be extinguished while new ones can be established

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8
Q

What experiment was used for behaviourism?

A
  • Little albert - making him scared of something because a loud sound would come
  • Pavlov’s dog
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9
Q

Where does behaviourism believe problems come from?

A

from what the child has learnt

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10
Q

How does behaviourism support change?

A

extinguish or eliminate learned maladaptive behaviours and replace them with adaptive behaviours using positive or negative reinforcement or punishment - star charts, naughty chairs

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11
Q

How does the cognitive approach see people?

A
  • thoughts are the primary cause of problems - therapy focusses on thought patterns
  • a psychoeducational model - therapy is a learning process
  • clients learn new ways of thinking and developing coping skills
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12
Q

What is the CBT model?

A

thoughts feelings behaviour

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13
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

A - activating event
B - perception of the event guided by our rational or irrational beliefs
C - our belief determines the consequence
A does not cause C, B influences C

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14
Q

Where does the cognitive approach believe problems come from?

A

Schemas

  • underlying core beliefs often learned in childhood
  • can be adaptive or maladaptive
  • act as filters
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15
Q

What are negative schemas prone to?

A

negative automatic thoughts

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16
Q

What schema is this situation an example of: you have a bad day at work and you walk past your friend and they ignore you. You think they must not like you, you feel sad, you have low energy as a response and you call another friend to complain about the friend who you walked pass

A

A maladaptive schema

17
Q

What schema is this situation an example of: you have a bad day at work and you walk past your friend and they ignore you. You think they look pre-occupied, you feel concerned about your friend, you do not physically react and so you phone your friend to check-in

A

An adaptive schema

18
Q

What are the types of negative automatic thoughts?

A
  • selective abstraction
  • arbitrary inferences
  • overgeneralisation
  • magnification and minimisation
  • labelling and mislabelling
  • personalisation
  • dichotomous or black/white thinking
  • mental filtering
  • mind-reading
  • emotional reasoning
  • catastrophising
  • should statements
19
Q

What is selective abstraction?

A

forming conclusions based on isolated events

20
Q

What are arbitrary inferences?

A

draw conclusions about events without sufficient evidnce

21
Q

What is overgeneralisation?

A

holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident

22
Q

What is magnification and minimisation?

A

events are exaggerated or underplayed

23
Q

What is labelling and mislabelling?

A

the affective reaction is proportional to the descriptive labelling of the event rather than to the actual intensity of a traumatic situation

24
Q

What is personalisation?

A

relating external events to ourselves even when no basis for connection

25
Q

What is dichotomous or black/white thinking?

A

always/never rather than sometimes

26
Q

What is mind-reading?

A

assuming we know what others are thinking about us

27
Q

What is emotional reasoning?

A

assume our emotions represent the way things actually are

28
Q

How does the cognitive approach support change?

A
  • focus is on the present not past
  • therapist establishes link between maladaptive behaviour and clients thoughts
  • assist clients to reconstruct their schema
  • clients learn new functional self-statements, alternative interpretations, different perspectives
29
Q

What are the Cognitive therapeutic techniques?

A
  • cognitive restructuring
  • Psychoeducation
  • trace the ‘stream of thought’ to identify core belief
  • exposure and response prevention
  • homework
  • thought monitoring
  • Socratic questioning
30
Q

What therapies follow the mindfulness approach?

A

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, functional analytic psychotherapy

31
Q

What does the mindfulness approach say about people?

A
  • Questions the assumption of Healthy Normality

- Psychological problems are maintained by excessive avoidance of painful experiences (thoughts, feelings, memories)

32
Q

How does the mindfulness approach believe problems arise?

A
  • a narrowing behavioural repertoire - gradually created due to unhelpful strategies to cope with thoughts and emotions
  • lack of psychological flexibility
  • cognitive fusion - being tangled in our thoughts and beliefs, responding to the world according to these
  • the thought and the person thinking the thought become one to make the situation feel real
  • experiential avoidance - when pain brought on by thinking is avoided or suppressed
  • escaping private events, feelings and sensations
33
Q

How does the mindfulness approach support change?

A
  • using acceptance and mindfulness processes to develop more flexible patterns of responding to psychological problems
  • reduce the impact of thoughts and self stories on behaviour
  • help the client be in contact with their actual experiences
  • increase the frequency of value-based behaviour
34
Q

What is the goal of ACT?

A

to increase psychological flexibility

35
Q

What is included in the ACT therapeutic process to have psychological flexibility?

A
  • acceptance
  • defusion (create distance from thoughts to help shape and guide behaviour)
  • contacting the present moment
  • self as concept - have a self which they can observe difficult thoughts and feelings without being caught up in them
  • values
  • committed action (engage in behaviour change strategies to support them to take value-based action)
36
Q

What therapeutic techniques are used in ACT?

A
  • psychoeducation
  • mindfulness
  • cognitive defusion - leaves on a stream
  • defusion techniques - I’ve noticed I’m having a thought…
  • values exercises

PYB208: Counselling (10 decks)

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