Wave 3: Cognitive & Behaviourism Flashcards
Name the different waves within Wave 3
Wave 1: Behaviourism
Wave 2: Cognitive (REBT) (CBT)
Wave 3: Mindfulness (ACT)
What is the Cognitive approach type?
Modernist
What is the behaviourism approach type?
Modernist
Who developed Behaviourism?
Skinner and Pavlov
Who developed cognitive?
Ellis (REBT) and Beck (CBT)
Who developed the Mindfulness approach?
Harris (ACT)
How does the behaviourism approach view people?
- individuals behaviour is a product of their learning
- old behaviours can be extinguished while new ones can be established
What experiment was used for behaviourism?
- Little albert - making him scared of something because a loud sound would come
- Pavlov’s dog
Where does behaviourism believe problems come from?
from what the child has learnt
How does behaviourism support change?
extinguish or eliminate learned maladaptive behaviours and replace them with adaptive behaviours using positive or negative reinforcement or punishment - star charts, naughty chairs
How does the cognitive approach see people?
- thoughts are the primary cause of problems - therapy focusses on thought patterns
- a psychoeducational model - therapy is a learning process
- clients learn new ways of thinking and developing coping skills
What is the CBT model?
thoughts feelings behaviour
What is the ABC model?
A - activating event
B - perception of the event guided by our rational or irrational beliefs
C - our belief determines the consequence
A does not cause C, B influences C
Where does the cognitive approach believe problems come from?
Schemas
- underlying core beliefs often learned in childhood
- can be adaptive or maladaptive
- act as filters
What are negative schemas prone to?
negative automatic thoughts
What schema is this situation an example of: you have a bad day at work and you walk past your friend and they ignore you. You think they must not like you, you feel sad, you have low energy as a response and you call another friend to complain about the friend who you walked pass
A maladaptive schema
What schema is this situation an example of: you have a bad day at work and you walk past your friend and they ignore you. You think they look pre-occupied, you feel concerned about your friend, you do not physically react and so you phone your friend to check-in
An adaptive schema
What are the types of negative automatic thoughts?
- selective abstraction
- arbitrary inferences
- overgeneralisation
- magnification and minimisation
- labelling and mislabelling
- personalisation
- dichotomous or black/white thinking
- mental filtering
- mind-reading
- emotional reasoning
- catastrophising
- should statements
What is selective abstraction?
forming conclusions based on isolated events
What are arbitrary inferences?
draw conclusions about events without sufficient evidnce
What is overgeneralisation?
holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident
What is magnification and minimisation?
events are exaggerated or underplayed
What is labelling and mislabelling?
the affective reaction is proportional to the descriptive labelling of the event rather than to the actual intensity of a traumatic situation
What is personalisation?
relating external events to ourselves even when no basis for connection
What is dichotomous or black/white thinking?
always/never rather than sometimes
What is mind-reading?
assuming we know what others are thinking about us
What is emotional reasoning?
assume our emotions represent the way things actually are
How does the cognitive approach support change?
- focus is on the present not past
- therapist establishes link between maladaptive behaviour and clients thoughts
- assist clients to reconstruct their schema
- clients learn new functional self-statements, alternative interpretations, different perspectives
What are the Cognitive therapeutic techniques?
- cognitive restructuring
- Psychoeducation
- trace the ‘stream of thought’ to identify core belief
- exposure and response prevention
- homework
- thought monitoring
- Socratic questioning
What therapies follow the mindfulness approach?
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, functional analytic psychotherapy
What does the mindfulness approach say about people?
- Questions the assumption of Healthy Normality
- Psychological problems are maintained by excessive avoidance of painful experiences (thoughts, feelings, memories)
How does the mindfulness approach believe problems arise?
- a narrowing behavioural repertoire - gradually created due to unhelpful strategies to cope with thoughts and emotions
- lack of psychological flexibility
- cognitive fusion - being tangled in our thoughts and beliefs, responding to the world according to these
- the thought and the person thinking the thought become one to make the situation feel real
- experiential avoidance - when pain brought on by thinking is avoided or suppressed
- escaping private events, feelings and sensations
How does the mindfulness approach support change?
- using acceptance and mindfulness processes to develop more flexible patterns of responding to psychological problems
- reduce the impact of thoughts and self stories on behaviour
- help the client be in contact with their actual experiences
- increase the frequency of value-based behaviour
What is the goal of ACT?
to increase psychological flexibility
What is included in the ACT therapeutic process to have psychological flexibility?
- acceptance
- defusion (create distance from thoughts to help shape and guide behaviour)
- contacting the present moment
- self as concept - have a self which they can observe difficult thoughts and feelings without being caught up in them
- values
- committed action (engage in behaviour change strategies to support them to take value-based action)
What therapeutic techniques are used in ACT?
- psychoeducation
- mindfulness
- cognitive defusion - leaves on a stream
- defusion techniques - I’ve noticed I’m having a thought…
- values exercises
