water treatment lab

Question 1

ph

Answer 1

classification: H plus
engineering processes: coagulation/disinfection/softening
Sources:
Industrial waste, plant growth which releases CO2 forming carbonic acid
Treatment: we add base such as NaOH
how it is measured: using potentiometer( ph meter)
units of measurements : millivolts
What does it affect: aquatic life/ increase corrosivit

Question 2

Alkalinity

Answer 2

Classification:acid neutralizing capacity of a liquid / buufer/H2CO3, HCO3-,CO32-
engineering processes:
Used in softening in order to turn bicarbontes into carbonates and make them settle also in coagulation
Sources:
atmosphere and the weathering of carbonates in rocks and soils
Treatment: lime softening removes alkalinity as it transforms bicarbonates to carbonates/also we can add mineral acid/ also through ion exchange resin
how it is measured: using titration with acid, we add phenophtalin indicator (6 drops), if first a pink color appeared then titrate till the solution becomes
colorless,other wise a blue color will appear and you titrate till it turns back to red units of measurements:
mg/l
What does it affect: organisms

Question 3

Conductivity

Answer 3

Classification:minerals Ability to carry electric charge/ presence and concentration of ions and temp
engineering processes:: used as an indicator of pollution/ used in desalination process to see how much minerals we have
Sources:Industrial processes
Treatment: remove these minerals by precipiration or using filters
units of measurements: millisimens/m
how to measure: using conductimetry
What does it affect: organisms

Question 4

Chlorides

Answer 4

Classsification: Chlorides, Cl-
engineering processes:
used in ice and snow control
production of fertilizers
Sources: Earth crust,seawater, fertilizers
Treatment: filters
units of measurements:mg/l
How to measure: using titration we add potassium chromate (10 ml) as indicator, when red color starts to appear silver chloride would have precipitated

Question 5

Coliforms

Answer 5

Classification: Total coliforms and fecal coliforms
engineering processes: In disinfection (mn rase)
Sources: Surface water and soil
Treatment: msh 7atteen
Measurements: Buchner flask
units of meaurements: cfu (colony forming unit)

Question 6

Turbidity

Answer 6

Classification: particulate matters in water
engineering processes: settlement
Sources: Soil eosion
Treatment: bl settlement
Measurements: turbiditimeter
Interference: special tissues and airbubbles

Question 7

Nitrogen

Answer 7

Classification: NO3 (nitrate), NO2-(nitrite), NH4+(ammonia), organic
Sources: atmosphere
Treatment : filters RO
Measurements: Spectrophemeter
Units of measurements: mg/l
Interference: Cl- and Fe3+

Question 8

Phosphates

Answer 8

Classification: orthophosphates, organic phosphates and condensed, total is the sum of all above
Sources: fertilizers, soils
Treatment: Filters RO
Measurement device: spectrophemeter
Units of measurements: mg/l
interference: extreme ph

Question 9

hardness

Answer 9

Classification: Ca and Mg
Sources: lime stone
treatment softening
Measurement: titration see slides
To find total hardness
 put 10 ml sample in an Erlenmeyer flasl
2. Then add specific Eriochrome indicator into
3. Add 6 drops of total hardness buffer solution
4. Start titration with EDTA
5. At equivalence point color will change to blue
To find Calcium hardness
 put 10 ml sample in an Erlenmeyer flasl
2. Then add murexide indicator 
3. Add 6 drops of NaOH
4. Start titration with EDTA
5. At equivalence point color will change topurple
Units of measurements: mg/l

Question 10

Tiation indicators

Answer 10

For alkalinity: phenolephtaleen
For chlorides: potassium chromate (K2CrO4) , tiration ends when color changes to red
Hardness: 
Total hardness: Eriochrome indicator then add 6 drops of buffer solution then titrate with EDTA  , at equilibrium color start to change to blue
Calcium hardnes
Murexide indicator
6 drops of NaOH
titrate with EDTA
At equivilance color change to purple