WATER TEST 2 Flashcards
What is the most abundant molecule on earth?
Water
What is the chemical makeup of water: what atoms and distribution of charge?
Atoms include hydrogen (2) oxygen (1): H2O
Water is formed by covalent bond
V shaped, hydrogen has a weak positive nucleus, oxygen is negative this attracts each other to form water
Water is POLAR
What is a solute?
Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid in lesser amount
What is a solvent?
Any liquid in which one or more solids or gases an dissolve
Why is water a universal solvent?
Due to the oxygen having a partial negative charge and each hydrogen having a partial positive charge
this oxygen that is sticking out and is polar causing water molecules to react with other molecules or atoms.
What type of molecules react with water?
Ions and polar molecules react with water’s partial charge
Known as hydrophilic substances
What are polar molecules?
These molecules carry a partial positive charge on one side of molecule and a partial negative charge on the other end
Generally hydrophilic
What are non polar molecules?
Non polar molecules consist of two atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity
What is a hydrophilic substance? include examples
It is any substance that interacts with water. They are typically polar that contains partially or fully charged atoms
Examples: cations, anions, ions, and other polar molecules
Salt sugar protein
What is hydrophobic? Include examples
These substances do not interact readily with water
They are typically non polar molecules
Example: butter oil
What is specific heat?
It is the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius of water
How does the specific heat of water support life?
Water has a high specific heat this is due to the amount of energy is needed to break water’s hydrogen bonds for heat to transfer making water molecules begin to move faster
Ex: ice forming on top of lake to protect life under water also giving water temps in water environments constant
What is hydrogen bonding?
A weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge
Ex: bond between a water and another water molecule
Describe heat of vaporization
It is the energy required to change 1 gram of water from liquid to gas
540 calories to evaporate 1 gram
Water has to absorb a lot of energy to evaporate
Describe Water’s characteristics in terms of freezing and how these characteristics in terms of freezing and how this characteristics sustains life in water bodies:
Life underwater survives during freezing winters because the top layer of water freezes and floats. This is because the water molecules expand and become less dense insulating the water underneath it and it is hard for rest of after to freeze because the amount of energy that is needed
Describe chemical reaction:
When one substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance
This is shown also by an equation where reactants are in the left and product on the right
What is the ph scale?
The scale of measurements 0-14 of the concentration of protons in a solution and thus of how acidic or basic the solution is
Smaller number more acidic the higher the number more alkaline or “basic” the middle is neutral (7)
What are acids?
Substances that cause an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in a solution
Numbers on scale less than 7
What are bases?
cause hydroxide ions to increase in solution
Numbers on scale more than 7 more alkaline\basic
What is the relationship between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in terms of defining either an acid or base?
Pure Water has the same amount of hydrogen protons to hydroxide ions but if an ion substance is added then the hydroxide amounts and hydrogen amount changes making something more acidic or basic
Acid: hydrogen ions > hydroxide ions
Base: hydrogen ions< hydroxide ions
What is a buffer?
It is a mechanism that resist changes in ph
Buffers can keep homeostasis in organism
What is ionization?
Ionization is the DISSOCIATION of water by gaining an atom or molecule with a positive charge or losing electrons
How does Ionization apply to water?
It is the dissociation (detachment) of water usually water is not ionized so only a fraction of pure water only exists in ionized form
What is the most abundant element in life?
Carbon
Why is carbon significant to life?
It is the most abundant molecule found in organisms.
They make up organic compounds
Most versatile atom
Can form four covalent bonds
Provide molecular skeleton
What are functional groups?
A small group of atoms bonded together in precise configuration and exhibit particular chemical properties that it gives to any organic molecule
The groups:
Hydroxyl
Carboxlyl
Amino
Aldehyde
Ketone
Methyl
Phosphate
What are monomers?
ONE Small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule
What are polymers?
Any large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together
Appears in a type of chain form, formed by individual monomers
Polymers make up:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
How is the formation of polymers related to condensation reactions?
When condensation or dehydration reaction occurs monomer is added into the chain of polymers but water gets taken out
What are hydrolysis reactions?
This reaction adds water a water molecule this then breaks polymer
How does condensation and hydrolysis reactions affect the macromolecules that influence life?
Macromolecules are made up of monomers that build up polymers these polymers add water by hydrolysis or lose water and gain a monomer by condensation reaction
