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BIOLOGY > WATER TEST 2 > Flashcards

WATER TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most abundant molecule on earth?

A

Water

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2
Q

What is the chemical makeup of water: what atoms and distribution of charge?

A

Atoms include hydrogen (2) oxygen (1): H2O

Water is formed by covalent bond

V shaped, hydrogen has a weak positive nucleus, oxygen is negative this attracts each other to form water

Water is POLAR

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3
Q

What is a solute?

A

Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid in lesser amount

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4
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Any liquid in which one or more solids or gases an dissolve

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5
Q

Why is water a universal solvent?

A

Due to the oxygen having a partial negative charge and each hydrogen having a partial positive charge
this oxygen that is sticking out and is polar causing water molecules to react with other molecules or atoms.

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6
Q

What type of molecules react with water?

A

Ions and polar molecules react with water’s partial charge

Known as hydrophilic substances

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7
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

These molecules carry a partial positive charge on one side of molecule and a partial negative charge on the other end

Generally hydrophilic

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8
Q

What are non polar molecules?

A

Non polar molecules consist of two atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity

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9
Q

What is a hydrophilic substance? include examples

A

It is any substance that interacts with water. They are typically polar that contains partially or fully charged atoms

Examples: cations, anions, ions, and other polar molecules

Salt sugar protein

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10
Q

What is hydrophobic? Include examples

A

These substances do not interact readily with water

They are typically non polar molecules

Example: butter oil

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11
Q

What is specific heat?

A

It is the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius of water

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12
Q

How does the specific heat of water support life?

A

Water has a high specific heat this is due to the amount of energy is needed to break water’s hydrogen bonds for heat to transfer making water molecules begin to move faster

Ex: ice forming on top of lake to protect life under water also giving water temps in water environments constant

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13
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

A weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

Ex: bond between a water and another water molecule

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14
Q

Describe heat of vaporization

A

It is the energy required to change 1 gram of water from liquid to gas

540 calories to evaporate 1 gram

Water has to absorb a lot of energy to evaporate

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15
Q

Describe Water’s characteristics in terms of freezing and how these characteristics in terms of freezing and how this characteristics sustains life in water bodies:

A

Life underwater survives during freezing winters because the top layer of water freezes and floats. This is because the water molecules expand and become less dense insulating the water underneath it and it is hard for rest of after to freeze because the amount of energy that is needed

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16
Q

Describe chemical reaction:

A

When one substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance

This is shown also by an equation where reactants are in the left and product on the right

17
Q

What is the ph scale?

A

The scale of measurements 0-14 of the concentration of protons in a solution and thus of how acidic or basic the solution is

Smaller number more acidic the higher the number more alkaline or “basic” the middle is neutral (7)

18
Q

What are acids?

A

Substances that cause an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in a solution

Numbers on scale less than 7

19
Q

What are bases?

A

cause hydroxide ions to increase in solution

Numbers on scale more than 7 more alkaline\basic

20
Q

What is the relationship between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in terms of defining either an acid or base?

A

Pure Water has the same amount of hydrogen protons to hydroxide ions but if an ion substance is added then the hydroxide amounts and hydrogen amount changes making something more acidic or basic

Acid: hydrogen ions > hydroxide ions
Base: hydrogen ions< hydroxide ions

21
Q

What is a buffer?

A

It is a mechanism that resist changes in ph

Buffers can keep homeostasis in organism

22
Q

What is ionization?

A

Ionization is the DISSOCIATION of water by gaining an atom or molecule with a positive charge or losing electrons

23
Q

How does Ionization apply to water?

A

It is the dissociation (detachment) of water usually water is not ionized so only a fraction of pure water only exists in ionized form

24
Q

What is the most abundant element in life?

A

Carbon

25
Q

Why is carbon significant to life?

A

It is the most abundant molecule found in organisms.

They make up organic compounds

Most versatile atom

Can form four covalent bonds

Provide molecular skeleton

26
Q

What are functional groups?

A

A small group of atoms bonded together in precise configuration and exhibit particular chemical properties that it gives to any organic molecule

The groups:
Hydroxyl
Carboxlyl
Amino
Aldehyde
Ketone
Methyl
Phosphate

27
Q

What are monomers?

A

ONE Small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule

28
Q

What are polymers?

A

Any large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together

Appears in a type of chain form, formed by individual monomers

Polymers make up:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides

29
Q

How is the formation of polymers related to condensation reactions?

A

When condensation or dehydration reaction occurs monomer is added into the chain of polymers but water gets taken out

30
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A

This reaction adds water a water molecule this then breaks polymer

31
Q

How does condensation and hydrolysis reactions affect the macromolecules that influence life?

A

Macromolecules are made up of monomers that build up polymers these polymers add water by hydrolysis or lose water and gain a monomer by condensation reaction

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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