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BIOLOGY > Lab Test > Flashcards

Lab Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Interphase

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2
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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3
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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4
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

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5
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Telophase

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6
Q

What is this phase of mitosis?

A

Prometaphase

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7
Q

What is this phase?

Under microscope

A

Interphase

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8
Q

What is this phase?

A

Prophase

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9
Q

What is this phase?

A

Prometaphase

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10
Q

What is this phase?

A

Metaphase

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11
Q

What is this phase?

A

Anaphase

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12
Q

What is this phase?

A

Telophase

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13
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

It is the first part of cell cycle apart of interphase

Organelle duplication, enzyme synthesis, preparation for DNA replication

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14
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

Cells double in size; organelles, enzymes, and other molecules increase in number

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15
Q

What is the S phase?

A

The phase is the second part of interphase where DNa replication occurs and chromosome duplication
DNA copied

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16
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA associated proteins replicate
Two copies of the cells genetic info now exist

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17
Q

How is homologous chromosomes related to the chromatids formed after S phase?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up with each other to form a tetrad, in which four chromatids are present

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18
Q

How are chromatids formed?

A

Chromatids are formed during chromosome duplication, which occurs prior to cell division via the processes of mitosis and meiosis. The two “sister” chromatids in a pair are identical and are joined by a centromere.

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19
Q

In what phase does semiconservative replication occur?

A

S Phase

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20
Q

What is semi conservative replication?

A

It is when one new DNA strand forms from the older DNA template

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21
Q

How much DNA molecules are in a homologous chromosome?

A

One molecule of DNA

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22
Q

What does one homologous chromosome become?

A

It becomes two chromatids held together by a centromere

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23
Q

What does semi-conservative DNA replication form?

A

Molecules of DNA that are made up of one old and one new strand

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24
Q

What is the g2 phase?

A

Last part of interphase before cell division mitosis/meiosis

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25
Q

What happens doing g2 phase?

A

Structures required for cell division begin to assemble; chromosomes begin to condense

26
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitoses?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase/cytokinesis

27
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer cells are not regulated by proto oncogenes proteins

Proto-oncogenes that are mutated are called oncogenes which cause cancer

28
Q

How are cancer cells different from normal cells?

A

Normal cells have controlled growth cancer cells do not

Contact inhibition

Normal cells specialize to body function

29
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A
30
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

A set of one material and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

Basic unit of inheritance on a chromosome that has a specific function

32
Q

What is an allele?

A

One, two or more forms of a given gene from parents

33
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The distinctive appearance of all the metaphase chromosomes in an individual including number of chromosomes, their length, and their banding pattern

Xy male xx female father determines gender
34
Q

What are histone proteins?

A

Proteins that provide structural support for chromosomes
Carry DNA
And bind to DNA

35
Q

What are chromatin ?

A

A mixture of DNA and protest that form the chromosomes found in cells

36
Q

Describe the chromosome?

A

Consist of a centromere connecting two chromatids that have DNA

37
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

It is a chromosome made out of one molecule of DNA which replicates into two daughter molecules of DNA through the process of semi conservative replication

38
Q

How many chromosomes does a haploid have?

A

23 chromosomes

39
Q

How many chromosomes does a diploid have?

A

46 chromosomes

40
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Mitosis happens in all eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, and fungi). It is the process of cell renewal and growth in a plant, animal or fungus.

And to ensure that the two daughter cells inherit an equal and identical complement of chromosomes

41
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells.

42
Q

Where does cell division happen?

A

Mitosis: human body cells

Meiosis: sex cells

43
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of mature functional spermatozoa

44
Q

What is oogenis?

A

Is the development process by which the mature Human ovum is formed

45
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When gametes have an abnormal number of chromosomes: either toomany or too few

46
Q

Nondisjunction causes what kinds of disorders?

A

Down syndrome (trisosomy 21)
Trisomy 13 (patau)
trisomy 18 (Edward)
Trisomy 22 (turner)
Etc

47
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Interphase

48
Q

What happens During interphase of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes duplicate

49
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Prophase 1

50
Q

What happens during prophase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments

51
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Metaphase1

52
Q

What happens during metaphase 1?

A

Tetras line up

Note chromosomes are in the x form in 1st phase

53
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Anaphase 1

54
Q

What happens During anaphase 1?

A

Pairs (xform) of homologous chromosomes split up

55
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still double

56
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Prophase 2

57
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Metaphase 2

58
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Anaphase 2

59
Q

What is this phase of meiosis ?

A

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

60
Q

What happens during telophase 2?

A

Sister chromatids separated and four haploid daughter cells result containing single chromosomes

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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