Cell Transport Unit 3 Flashcards
What is the chemical makeup of the plasma membrane?
PPS 4-11
A Phospholipid bilayer composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol
Phospholipids are made out of a phosphate head, glycerol, and fatty acid tails
Why is the membrane described as selectively permeable or semipermeable?
The cell membrane is selectively-permeable membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.
All cells are surrounded by a selectively-permeable membrane. This membrane not only surrounds the cellular organelles but also acts as a barrier between the internal and the external environment. A cell membrane that is selectively permeable acts as a boundary or fence of the cell. It allows the molecules to pass through active or passive transport.
What can easily cross the plasma membrane?
PPS 16-24-1
Small molecules like H2 and O2
easily and water with the help of transport proteins
Non charged lipid molecules
Small polar molecules like water
How is the passage of passable molecules related to its chemical composition?
PPS 16-24-1
What does semipermeable mean?
Semipermeable means the allowing of certain substances to pass through it like solvents and some solutes
What is diffusion?
PPS 26, 37-42
It is the movement of molecules form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Movement occurs along a concentration gradient
What is osmosis?
PPS 26, 37-42
It is the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane from a region of LOWER solute concentration to a HIGH solute concentration
For osmosis to occur the solute would not be able to pass through the membrane
Important to note*** water moves freely back and forth through semipermeable membrane
3 main types of osmosis:
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
What is hypotonic and its solute concentration?
PPS 39-42
Hypo rhymes with low soooo LOWWWW solute concentration
EXPENDING OF CELL
Swelling
What is hypertonic and its solute concentration?
PPS 39- 42
High solute ( salt ) concentration in cell
And low water concentration in cell
Cell shrinking
What is isotonic and its solute concentration?
PPS 39-42
Water doesn’t move because the conditions inside and outside are the SAME
STABLE
What is crenation?
PPS 37-47
the formation of abnormal cells as a result of water loss through osmosis
hypertonic causes crenation of shell basically for it to prune and shrink
OCCUR IN ANIMAL CELLS
What is turgor pressure?
PPS 37-47
the pressure that is exerted by the fluid like water against the cell wall
Expanding to point of bloat due to hypotonic process of tooo much water/fluid
What is lysis?
PPS 37-47
the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma membrane
What is plasmolysis?
PPS 37-47
OCCUR IN PLANT CELLS
It is defined as the process of contraction or shrinkage of the cell of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell.
What are aquaporins?
PPS 52
It is the water transport
It is a hydrophilic channel protein at cell membrane that allows the transfer of water to pass through the membrane
How cell transport work?
It is the movement of substances across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell.
Sometimes things just move through the phospholipid bilayer. Other times, substances need the assistance of a protein, like a channel protein or some other transmembrane protein, to cross the cell membrane.
What is diffusion?
PPS 53-
Spontaneous movement of a substance from one region to another often with a net movement from a region of high concentration to one of the low concentration
What is facilitated transport?
PPS 53-57
It is a type of PASSIVE transport of substances across a membrane with assistance of transmembrane carrier that does not require energy
What is active transport?
PPS 53-57
The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane in a single direction often against a gradient
This requires ENERGY usually in form of ATP and transport protein
What is endocytosis?
PPS 53-57
When the cells take in substances by vesicle formation in general term for any pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell
More types of endocytosis are:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
What is exocytosis?
PPS 53-57
When vesicles carry a specific molecule fuses with the membrane to release a substance
How are the previous terms related to anatomy and physiology?
PPS 53-57
What are the specific functions which concern the proteins in the membrane?
Proteins are used to
TRANSPORT PROTEINS substances from outside cell membrane to pass through to cell
CHANNEL PROTEINS have a hollow core
CARRIER PROTEINS alternate between two shapes moving a solute across the membrane during a shape change
AQUAPORINS allow the transfer of water through membrane
CORECEPTORS are proteins that work with another receptor to transfer
Materials across cell membrane
What are specific diseases that are caused by plasma membrane abnormalities as well as these proteins in the plasma membrane ?
Protein malnlutrition
General caloric deprivation
Kwashiorkor
How does the makeup of the plasma membrane concern the study of anatomy/physiology?
Handout :/?
What are receptor proteins?
PPS 83
It’s role is to bind molecules
They are shaped in a way that a specific molecule came bind to the receptor protein
IT RECEIVES MOLECULES
What are recognition proteins?
PPS 83
function to distinguish “self” from foreign cells
What are communication proteins?
PPS 83
Function is to send and receive signals form cell to cell molecule to molecule
What is a prokaryotic cell and its characteristics?
PPS 4-8
Domain member of archae and makes up different kinds of bacteria
Not made up of many membrane bound organelles
DOES NOT have a nuclei
CONTAINS:
Nucleoid with DNA
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Flagella
Cell wall????
What is a eukaryotic cell and its characteristics?
Read 7.1 and 7.2
PPS 4-8
It is a member of the domain eukarya
CONTAIN:
Nucleus
Numerous membrane bound organelles
What does a prokaryotic cell have?
Read 7.1 + 7.2 pg 147-149
Cell wall
Plasmid
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Flagella
What is a cytoskeleton?
Flund in eukaryotic cells it is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that are involved in making the cells shape, and provide structural support of cell
Prokaryotic cells have a similar but much less extensive network of fibers
What is cytoplasm?
Contents of a cell bounded by the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus if present
DOES NOT CONTAIN THE NUCLEUS PARTS
What is cytosol?
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that contains nucleus parts
What are organelles?
Discreet membrane bound compartment within a cell that has a structure and function in a cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
PPS 26-29
A network of interconnected membrane sacs and tubules found inside a cell the synthesizes lipids and proteins that stay in endomembrane system and the plasma membrane
What is smooth ER?
PPS 29
Portion of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes. Involved in synthesizing lipids and removing toxic molecules
What is rough ER?
PPS 29
Portion of endoplasmic reticulum that is dotted with ribosomes. Involved in synthesizing plasma membrane proteins secreted proteins and proteins localized to ER, Golgi apparatus , and lysosomes
What are vesicles?
PPS 49 and 50
A membrane enclosed compartment with an aqueous interior that is often used in cells to transport cargo between organelles or to the plasma membrane for secretion
What are ribosomes?
PPS 64
synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA
What is the Golgi apparatus?
PPS 3
Functions include:
PPD
THE PROCESSING, PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERS of the proteins form the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the Mitochondria?
PPS 11-16
POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL
produces energy for the cell
Produces ATP
have their own RNA and DNA and ribosomes bales to reproduce theirselves
Similar to bacteria
What are Lysosomes?
PPS 20-22
Lysosomes is a recycler organelles it recycles cellular material and destroys any nonfunctional organelles and portions of cytoplasm
Low ph
Contains digestive enzymes of a cell that digests cell itself or foreign material for the golgi
What is the nucleus?
PPS 30-32
Nucleus contain genetic material for the cell used as information storagers and transmission do genes within cell
What is the nucleolus?
PPS 37-39
It is a dark region chromatin where RNA is produced and where rRNA joins with proteins to form subunits of ribosomes
What are the cytoskeleton components?
PPS 45-47
Cytoskeleton maintains shape and movement and structural support of a cell
Cytoskeleton consists of:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
What are peroxisomes?
PPS 65-66
Peroxisomes are prevalent in cells that are synthesizing and breaking down lipids they also produce and break down H2O2
What is the difference between animal and plant cells?
PPS 70
Plant cells have cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts, and one large vacuole with no centrioles but animals do not have this but have centrioles
What is the chloroplasts?
PPS 78-79
Contains chlorophyll
Area of photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts contains cytosol by an envelope consisting of two membranes separated by narrow inter membrane space
What is the cell wall?
PPS 87
It is a fibrous layer for outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archae and many eukaryotic plant cells
The cell wall supports and protects a plant
What is the vacuole?
PPS 92
Vacuole is an area of water and solute and metabolism storage of waste products in a plant cell
What are cell junctions?
PPS 97-98
The linking of cells (series of proteins) this plays a role in anchoring cells to each other and this often helps with cells to communicate to each other
What are tight junction?
PPS 99-102
Tight junctions seal cells together to prevent small molecules for leaking across layer of cells.
These junctions form a water tight seal common in cells that are used as a barrier
Like cells that line the stomach
What are desmosomes?
PPS 99 103 106
ring junctions that attach cells to each other
Desmosomes help resist-shearing of cytoskeleton and cells and make up cytoskeleton
What are gap junctions?
PPS 99 103-106
A type of cell attachment structure that directly connects the cytosol of adjacent animal cells allowing water,ions, and small molecules in
What is phylogeny?
PPS 3
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Describe the 3 main domains of life as well as the super groups
PPS 20-21
Domain Archae- consists of unicellular prokaryotes distinguished by cell walls made of certain polysaccharides
Domain Eubacteria- consisting mostly of bacteria forms
Domain Eukaryae- unicellular organisms mostly protists and yeasts and multicellular organisms like fungi, plants, animal distinguished by membrane bound organelles and extensive cytoskeleton
How is the organization of protists different today?
PPS 20-21
All protists are eukaryotes except for fungi animals and land plants
What are viruses?
PPS 26-27
A virus is NOT a complete cell that is made out of DNA or RNA genetic material surrounded by protein coat and only reproduces by using its host
Why are viruses not included in domain of life?
PPS 26-27
It is not considered a complete cell
What is cell theory?
PPS 36-39
- All living organisms are made out of cells
- The most basic unit of life is the cell
- Cells can only arise form other cells
Why are viruses not a form of life?
PPS 36-39
A virus is not classified as a complete cell
How does the cell theory relate to phylogeny and the study of life?
PPS 36-39
Cell theory relates to the tree and study of life because it is proof the living organisms come from another living thing before
What is a light microscope? * terms of illumination and resolution
PPS 41-46
Use glass to make up lenses
Illumination is by light
What is an electron microscope? * terms of resolution and illumination
PPS 41-46
Cells that are smaller than 2 microns can be seen in this microscope.
Use electron beams focused in vacuum
Lenses are not glass but electromagnetic
Focused on to fluorescent screen
What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of outside substances to inside the cell
What is pinocytosis?
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small vesicles from cell membrane
