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BIOLOGY > ORGANIC MOLECULES OF LIFE TEST 2 > Flashcards

ORGANIC MOLECULES OF LIFE TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are main functional groups found in amino acids?

PP S 6

A

AminoAcids
contain:

  1. an amino group
  2. a carboxylic acid
  3. a hydrocarbon or alkyl group (referred to as an R Group)
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2
Q

What makes each amino acid different?

PP S #8

A

The r group

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3
Q

Describe a peptide bond

PP S #12

A

A peptide bond is the covalent bond formed by condensation reaction between two amino acids

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4
Q

What is the relationship between amino acids, polypeptides and protein?

PPS #12-14

A

Amino acids form a polypeptide also known as protein

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5
Q

What is a primary structure of protein?

A

The linear sequence of amino acid resisdues in a protein polymer

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6
Q

What is a secondary structure of protein?

A

The secondary structure is the helical or pleated shape once the primary structure is formed

It is the localized folding of a polypeptide chain into a regular structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Include alpha helix or pleated sheet

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7
Q

What is a tertiary structure of protein?

A

This is a secondary shape which is further bent to form a 3 dimensional figure of protein

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8
Q

What is a quaternary structure of protein?

3.2 in book

A

It is the combination of polypeptides held together by many same types of bonds

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9
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin

A

A proper Hemoglobin has a primary structure

Has glutamate at 6th position

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10
Q

What is sickle cell anemia and how is it related to the structure of a protein?

A

Sickle cell anemia produces a structure different from the normal primary structure protein.

These cell have a change in r- group this produces hemoglobin that stick together and form fibers when blood oxygen concentration is low stopping blood flow

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11
Q

How is sickle cell anemia caused?

A

These cell have a change in r- group this produces hemoglobin that stick together and form fibers which then get stuck in capillaries (small blood cells)

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12
Q

Discuss how sickle cell anemia is related to genetics?

PPS 27 28 67 68 70 71 72

A

Sickle cell anemia begins with a homozygous recessive individual

This then can cause abnormal hemoglobin causing the sickling of cells

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13
Q

What are functions of protein?

PPS 34 35 63-66, page 92 figure 3.4

A

S ignaling
T ransport
D efence

C atalysis
S tructure
M ovement

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14
Q

What is catalysis?

PPS 34 35 63 66 page 92 figure 3.4

A

It is acceleration of chemical reactions

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15
Q

What is defense?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4

A

Proteins called antibodies attack and destroy viruses and bacteria that cause disease

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16
Q

What is signaling?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4

A

proteins that carry and receiving signals from cell to cell inside the body

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17
Q

What is movement?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4
These

A

It is a motor protein that are responsible for moving the cell itself or molding large molecules inside the cell

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18
Q

What is transport?

PPS 34 35 63-66

A

Proteins that allow particular molecules to enter and exit cell or carry them through the body

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19
Q

What are enzymes?

In book 8.3 figure 8.12

A

The sustain life and is a protein catalyst used by living organisms increase the rate of biological reactions

20
Q

How do enzymes work?

In book 8.3 figure 8.12

A

The substrate (reactant) molecules fit into precise location (active site), into the enzyme causing the protein to change shape

21
Q

What is a chemical make up of a carbohydrate?

Discuss elements and amounts

PPS #82

A

Made out of carbon (1), hydrogen (2), oxygen (1)

Ratio 1:2:1

22
Q

What is a monosaccharide? What is their function?

PPS #84-86

A

ONE SUGAR UNIT molecule of carbohydrates

Used as an energy source

23
Q

What is a disaccharide? What is their functions?

PPS #86-87

A

A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide sugar residues linked together

24
Q

What is a polysaccharide? What is there function?

PPS 91-92

A

A linear branched carbohydrate chain consisting g of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

25
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE AND USE OF CELLULOSE?

A

polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by a beta pleated sheath glycolic linkages found in PLANTS

26
Q

What is the structure and use of glycogen?

A

branched polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by an alpha helix glycolic linkages stored in ANIMALS

27
Q

What is the structure and use of starch?

A

It is a mixture of two storage polysaccharide where plants store carbohydrates

28
Q

Which choice of carbohydrate is a source of energy for plants?

A

CELLULOSE or starch

29
Q

What choice of carbohydrate is a source of energy storage in animal cells?

A

GLYCOGEN

30
Q

What are monomers? What are their roles/function?

A

It is a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule monomers are building blocks that make up polymers

31
Q

What are polymers? What are their roles/function?

A

A large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together

The main biological polymers are proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

32
Q

How is glycogen stored? What is their structure?

A
33
Q

How is starch stored? What is their structure?

A
34
Q

How is cellulose stored? What is their structure?

A

It is a polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers in beta linkage stored in plant cell walls

35
Q

What are saturated fatty acids? Give examples

PPS #116 in book section 6.1-6.2

A

They are made up of a carbon chain with no double bonds

Bacon butter

36
Q

What is unsaturated fatty acids? Give examples

PPS 116 6.1-6.2

A

where there is one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group

Avocado nuts fish

37
Q

What is a steroid?

PPS 112-116

A

A class of lipid which has a characteristic of four-ring hydrocarbon structure

38
Q

What is a glyceride?

PPS 112-116

A

Glycerides have one, two, or three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

39
Q

What is the specific structure of a triglyceride?

PPS 112-116

A

consist of Three fatty acids either saturated or unsaturated and one glycerol molecule

       It consists of a glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules
40
Q

What are the roles of both fats as well as the steroids in the body?

PPS 131

A

Fat is reserved as a as a storage of energy

A steroid functions as a signaling messenger

41
Q

Why are steroids considered to be lipid materials?

PPS 131

A

Steroids are lipid because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

42
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (glycerol has a polar head)

The fatty acid tails are nonpolar (hydrophobic)

43
Q

Why is a phospholipids important to the cell membrane?

PPS #126

A

Phospholipids are the main constituent of cell membrane

44
Q

What is the chemical makeup of a phospholipid?

PPS #126

A

Consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (glycerol has a polar head)

The fatty acid tails are nonpolar (hydrophobic)

A phosphate group at the head of glycerol is polar (hydrophilic)

45
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

In book 4.1-4.2

A

A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers used by cells to store or transmit hereditary information

46
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

In book 4.1-4.2

A

Nucleic acids consists of nucleotides.

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

47
Q

Examples of nucleic acids

In book 4.1-4.2

A

RNA
DNA

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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