ORGANIC MOLECULES OF LIFE TEST 2

Question 1

What are main functional groups found in amino acids?

PP S 6

Answer 1

AminoAcids
contain:

1. an amino group
2. a carboxylic acid
3. a hydrocarbon or alkyl group (referred to as an R Group)

Question 2

What makes each amino acid different?

PP S #8

Answer 2

The r group

Question 3

Describe a peptide bond

PP S #12

Answer 3

A peptide bond is the covalent bond formed by condensation reaction between two amino acids

Question 4

What is the relationship between amino acids, polypeptides and protein?

PPS #12-14

Answer 4

Amino acids form a polypeptide also known as protein

Question 5

What is a primary structure of protein?

Answer 5

The linear sequence of amino acid resisdues in a protein polymer

Question 6

What is a secondary structure of protein?

Answer 6

The secondary structure is the helical or pleated shape once the primary structure is formed

It is the localized folding of a polypeptide chain into a regular structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Include alpha helix or pleated sheet

Question 7

What is a tertiary structure of protein?

Answer 7

This is a secondary shape which is further bent to form a 3 dimensional figure of protein

Question 8

What is a quaternary structure of protein?

3.2 in book

Answer 8

It is the combination of polypeptides held together by many same types of bonds

Question 9

Describe the structure of hemoglobin

Answer 9

A proper Hemoglobin has a primary structure

Has glutamate at 6th position

Question 10

What is sickle cell anemia and how is it related to the structure of a protein?

Answer 10

Sickle cell anemia produces a structure different from the normal primary structure protein.

These cell have a change in r- group this produces hemoglobin that stick together and form fibers when blood oxygen concentration is low stopping blood flow

Question 11

How is sickle cell anemia caused?

Answer 11

These cell have a change in r- group this produces hemoglobin that stick together and form fibers which then get stuck in capillaries (small blood cells)

Question 12

Discuss how sickle cell anemia is related to genetics?

PPS 27 28 67 68 70 71 72

Answer 12

Sickle cell anemia begins with a homozygous recessive individual

This then can cause abnormal hemoglobin causing the sickling of cells

Question 13

What are functions of protein?

PPS 34 35 63-66, page 92 figure 3.4

Answer 13

S ignaling
T ransport
D efence

C atalysis
S tructure
M ovement

Question 14

What is catalysis?

PPS 34 35 63 66 page 92 figure 3.4

Answer 14

It is acceleration of chemical reactions

Question 15

What is defense?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4

Answer 15

Proteins called antibodies attack and destroy viruses and bacteria that cause disease

Question 16

What is signaling?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4

Answer 16

proteins that carry and receiving signals from cell to cell inside the body

Question 17

What is movement?

PPS 34 35 63-66 page 92 figure 3.4
These

Answer 17

It is a motor protein that are responsible for moving the cell itself or molding large molecules inside the cell

Question 18

What is transport?

PPS 34 35 63-66

Answer 18

Proteins that allow particular molecules to enter and exit cell or carry them through the body

Question 19

What are enzymes?

In book 8.3 figure 8.12

Answer 19

The sustain life and is a protein catalyst used by living organisms increase the rate of biological reactions

Question 20

How do enzymes work?

In book 8.3 figure 8.12

Answer 20

The substrate (reactant) molecules fit into precise location (active site), into the enzyme causing the protein to change shape

Question 21

What is a chemical make up of a carbohydrate?

Discuss elements and amounts

PPS #82

Answer 21

Made out of carbon (1), hydrogen (2), oxygen (1)

Ratio 1:2:1

Question 22

What is a monosaccharide? What is their function?

PPS #84-86

Answer 22

ONE SUGAR UNIT molecule of carbohydrates

Used as an energy source

Question 23

What is a disaccharide? What is their functions?

PPS #86-87

Answer 23

A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide sugar residues linked together

Question 24

What is a polysaccharide? What is there function?

PPS 91-92

Answer 24

A linear branched carbohydrate chain consisting g of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 25

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE AND USE OF CELLULOSE?

Answer 25

polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by a beta pleated sheath glycolic linkages found in PLANTS

Question 26

What is the structure and use of glycogen?

Answer 26

branched polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by an alpha helix glycolic linkages stored in ANIMALS

Question 27

What is the structure and use of starch?

Answer 27

It is a mixture of two storage polysaccharide where plants store carbohydrates

Question 28

Which choice of carbohydrate is a source of energy for plants?

Answer 28

CELLULOSE or starch

Question 29

What choice of carbohydrate is a source of energy storage in animal cells?

Answer 29

GLYCOGEN

Question 30

What are monomers? What are their roles/function?

Answer 30

It is a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule monomers are building blocks that make up polymers

Question 31

What are polymers? What are their roles/function?

Answer 31

A large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together The main biological polymers are proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

Question 32

How is glycogen stored? What is their structure?

Question 33

How is starch stored? What is their structure?

Question 34

How is cellulose stored? What is their structure?

Answer 34

It is a polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers in beta linkage stored in plant cell walls

Question 35

What are saturated fatty acids? Give examples PPS #116 in book section 6.1-6.2

Answer 35

They are made up of a carbon chain with no double bonds Bacon butter

Question 36

What is unsaturated fatty acids? Give examples PPS 116 6.1-6.2

Answer 36

where there is one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group Avocado nuts fish

Question 37

What is a steroid? PPS 112-116

Answer 37

A class of lipid which has a characteristic of four-ring hydrocarbon structure

Question 38

What is a glyceride? PPS 112-116

Answer 38

Glycerides have one, two, or three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

Question 39

What is the specific structure of a triglyceride? PPS 112-116

Answer 39

consist of Three fatty acids either saturated or unsaturated and one glycerol molecule It consists of a glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules

Question 40

What are the roles of both fats as well as the steroids in the body? PPS 131

Answer 40

Fat is reserved as a as a storage of energy A steroid functions as a signaling messenger

Question 41

Why are steroids considered to be lipid materials? PPS 131

Answer 41

Steroids are lipid because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

Question 42

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 42

Consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (glycerol has a polar head) The fatty acid tails are nonpolar (hydrophobic)

Question 43

Why is a phospholipids important to the cell membrane? PPS #126

Answer 43

Phospholipids are the main constituent of cell membrane

Question 44

What is the chemical makeup of a phospholipid? PPS #126

Answer 44

Consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (glycerol has a polar head) The fatty acid tails are nonpolar (hydrophobic) A phosphate group at the head of glycerol is polar (hydrophilic)

Question 45

What is a nucleic acid? In book 4.1-4.2

Answer 45

A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers used by cells to store or transmit hereditary information

Question 46

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? In book 4.1-4.2

Answer 46

Nucleic acids consists of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 47

Examples of nucleic acids In book 4.1-4.2

Answer 47

RNA DNA