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Water Security > Water Supply > Flashcards

Water Supply Flashcards

1
Q

X3 factors which affect water supply geographically

A
  • river systems
  • climate
  • geography
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2
Q

% of world’s water which is saltwater

A

97.5%

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3
Q

% of earth’s water which is freshwater

A

2.5%

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4
Q

In the hydrological cycle how much per year is released via precipitation?

A

aprox. 113,500km^3

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5
Q

Downstream in rivers what happens to river flow / discharge

A

increases

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6
Q

20% of all water entering oceans comes form what river’s discharge

A

Amazon

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7
Q

What does great amounts of river surface water suggest?

A

river being supplied from many other sources

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8
Q

What is the most significant factor in determining water supply

A

climate

increasingly important due to climate change influence hydrological patterns

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9
Q

What does high temperatures mean for water storage?

A

increased evaporation

so decreased water storage

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10
Q

Why are mountains usually good water reserves?

A

high mountains have snowpack

during spring-summer when temperatures increase snowmelt is released

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11
Q

term for lows that may occur seasonally

A

seasonal deficit

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12
Q

What type of precipitation do equatorial regions experience?

A

high annual precipitation

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13
Q

3 factors to do with geology which influence water storage

A
  • permeability of surface
  • depth of soil
  • vegetation
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14
Q

name an impermeable rock

A

granite

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15
Q

What happens to water landing on granite

A

impermeable rock

water on surface as run off
= limited infiltration
= high drainage density

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16
Q

Name a permeable rock

A

limestone

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17
Q

What can permeable rocks act as in relation to water storage?

A

act as aquifers

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18
Q

Thin soil and low vegetation mean what for water storage?

A

low interception and high surface run off

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19
Q

Deep soils and dense vegetation mean what for water storage

A

encourages infiltration and groundwater flow

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20
Q

Infiltration, percolation and ground water flow are highest in what type of areas?

A

underneath forested areas

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21
Q

What is meant by the term “blue water flow”

A

visible part of the hydrological cycle

22
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

subterranean store of groundwater in porous rock

23
Q

How can water be extracted from an aquifer?

A

via bore wells and pumps

24
Q

Define WATER STRESS

A

when demand for water exceeds the amount available during a certain period

25
Q

Define PHYSICAL WATER SCARCITY

A

when shortages occur because demand exceeds supply

26
Q

Define ECONOMIC WATER SCARCITY

A

exists when people cannot afford water even when it is readily available

27
Q

What type of water scarcity does Africa suffer? What type of water scarcity does it not suffer?

A

suffers economic water scarcity

countries located on equator receive frequent rain - so do not suffer physical water scarcity

28
Q

Why may Africa suffer physical water scarcity?

A

not managed / used efficiently

29
Q

What type of scarcity does Australia suffer?

A

no scarcity

apart from Murray-Darling basin area which is physically scarce

30
Q

Global water consumption increased between 1900-2000 by what %?

A

600%

31
Q

What % of water is used in agriculture?

A

69%

32
Q

What % of water is used in industry?

A

21%

33
Q

What % of water is used for domestic purposes?

A

10%

34
Q

Relationship between thin soils w/ sparse vegetation, interception, surface runoff and infiltration

A

In thin soils w/ sparse vegetation there is low interception

This will mean there is surface run off rather than mass infiltration

so will reduce ground water storage

35
Q

How can global warming worsen the water supply issues?

A
  • reducing annual rainfall

- increasing temperatures and thus evaporation

36
Q

Name X4 players in the supply of water;

A
  • government
  • NGOs
  • water companies
  • consumers
37
Q

How can water security be measured?

A

Water Poverty Index

38
Q

Where does USA rank on the water poverty index?

A

medium low

39
Q

Where does Canada and the West of Europe rank of the Water Poverty Index?

A

Low

40
Q

Define infiltration capacity

A

the maximum rate at which water can enter the soil surface

41
Q

To avoid crops drowning what is necessary to install in land prone to saturation?

A

some form of drainage

e.g open ditches
+ speed removal of water
- do little to lower water table

42
Q

What is a problem with land drainage and agriculture? What have governments done to help?

A

$$$ for the farmers

UK government subsidises
not always available in LEDCs

43
Q

Water flowing through a saturated zone is known as…

A

throughflow

44
Q

X2 main controls of hillslope run off;

A
  • soil depth

- slope angle

45
Q

Why may domestic use be high in terms of water demand?

A
  • for leisure use
    e. g gardens / golf courses
  • use of labour saving devices
46
Q

Why may some areas heavily dependent on agriculture not have high water demand? Give an example

A

may have effective rain fed agriculture
e.g Ghana

may not have infrastructure for irrigation (due to level of development)

47
Q

What type of situation is often encountered in water diversion projects?

A

robbing peter to pay paul

48
Q

Who may benefit when supply is less than demand in terms of players?

A

water utility companies

49
Q

why may large scale water management projects not be successful in the long term?

A

low levels of lakes / rivers in the past may not be present today

questions over longevity

50
Q

What is the main problem with the impact of using transboundary water resources?

A

one’s water security gain is another’s water security loss

zero-sum scenario

51
Q

What is the main purpose of 3-gorges?

A

renewable energy

more than water security

Water Security (18 decks)

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