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Water Security > Future of Water > Flashcards

Future of Water Flashcards

1
Q

If we continue “business as usual” what will occur by 2025 in household consumption, where will this mainly come from?

A
  • household water use increased 70%

mostly from LICs

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2
Q

If we continue “business as usual” what will occur by 2025 in terms of agriculture? What are the wider impacts of this?

A
  • reduced food production
  • LICs reliant on food imports
  • grain imports X3 in parts of Africa
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3
Q

If we go into a “water crisis” situation what are the wider implications?

A
  • conflict within and between countries
  • famine, malnutrition and poverty
  • rapid increase in food prices
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4
Q

If we adopt sustainable use what will happen to water consumption?

A
  • decrease due to increased efficiency
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5
Q

If we adopt sustainable use what will happen to water consumption in terms of agriculture?

A

more rain fed crop yield due to improvements in water harvesting

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6
Q

If we adopt sustainable use what will happen to water prices for domestic use?

A

increase substantially to incentivise greater efficiency

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7
Q

If we adopt sustainable use what will happen to the price of food / water?

A

increase

water prices will increase to ensure as little wastage as possible - $ used as a deterrent

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8
Q

x2 major uncertainties in relation to water supply in the future and the environment;

A

a) melting of glaciers (lost to oceans)

b) frequency of droughts

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9
Q

Players involved with sustainable development

A

Conservationists

scientists (IPCC)

planners

international organisations

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10
Q

Economic players involved with water;

A

world bank

developers

utility companies e,g Thames Water

TNCs

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11
Q

Social players involved with water

A

NGOs (e.g water aid)

indigenous groups

consumers

farmers

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12
Q

Name X3 types of solutions to reduce water conflict

A
  1. privatisation
  2. water conservation
  3. restoration
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13
Q

What does WaterAid define water as? What solution does this go against?

A

“a public good”

challenges privatisation

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14
Q

Example of country which has privatised water, in what areas?

A

Bolivia

In La Paz and El Alto

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15
Q

In privatisation what do companies have the liberty of doing? What % is this in Bolivia?

A

increase water price to increase profit margin

16% in Bolivia

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16
Q

Why did Bolivia privatise its water?

A

World Bank required Bolivia to in return for debt-relief

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17
Q

In what area of Bolivia was privatisation of water proposed which sparked a 4 day strike?

A

Cochabamba

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18
Q

How many injured in Cochabamba strikes? What was the result?

A

170 injured

let to suspension of the right to strike

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19
Q

What X2 positives have been seen with privatisation?

A
  • corporation efficiency
    = connections can be made more quickly when people are able to afford
  • 50% increase in number of connections in Bolivia
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20
Q

X4 reasons why privatisation has not been an effective solution;

A
  • still under 20% of people connected in Bolivia
  • violent protest
  • choices between paying for health / education / water connection = cycle of poverty
  • people dig own wells at expense of quality
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21
Q

Why do people in Bolivia have to make choices about health / education / water?

A

privatisation has meant water often costs 20% of wages monthly

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22
Q

What does the solution of water conservation mean?

A

reducing the amount of water used rather than trying to increase supplies

23
Q

Long term positive of water conservation;

A

sustainability for a growing population

24
Q

X2 wages water conservation can be achieved

A
  • adoption of new technologies for efficiency

- recycling water

25
Q

example of technology which can aid water conservation;

A
  • drip irrigation

- adding water meters

26
Q

What is the practice of ‘ferrigation’ ? Where has it been adopted? What solution is it trying to achieve?

A

using smaller quantitates of fertilisers
and thinner water sprinklers

Israel

water conservation

27
Q

Disadvantage of water conservation solution (X3)

A
  • limited in LICs due to $$$
  • more $$$ process to businesses not incentivised
  • processes still have high pollution
    e. g manufacturing / transport
28
Q

Example of a case where restoration could be a solution

A

Oral Sea

29
Q

What are restoration solutions often dependent on?

A

loans

30
Q

Where is the Aral Sea restoration project receiving a loan from?

A

World Bank

31
Q

What will the restoration project in the Aral sea do?

A

build a series of dams to expand the Aral Sea in the north

32
Q

What country will benefit from Aral sea restoration in the north?

A

Kazakstan

33
Q

X2 benefits of restoring the Aral sea

A

+ farmers can again earn a living / profit

+ rain has returned

= reversing a great environmental disaster

34
Q

X4 negatives of the Aral restoration project;

A
  • southern part still shrinking
  • still use of inefficient crops (i.e. cotton) so water demand not reduced
  • HQ controlled by other countries
  • may lead to further conflict
35
Q

Name X4 types of low / intermediate tech

A
  • tube wells
  • wells
  • pumpkin tanks
  • treadle pumps
36
Q

X3 costs of using wells;

A
  • groundwater depletion
  • saltwater incursion
  • contamination
37
Q

case of contamination in wells

A

arsenic in Bangladesh

38
Q

X2 benefits of using wells;

A
  • community scale - can learn skills

- often NGO funded

39
Q

X2 benefits of using pumpkin tanks / treadle pumps

A
  • relatively cheap

- often NGO funded

40
Q

X2 disadvantages of using pumpkin tanks / treadle pumps

A
  • very small scale

- needs up scaling to help sufficient people

41
Q

X2 advantages of dams

A

+ multi purpose (i.e flood control / HEP)

+ store for water during dry period

42
Q

X3 disadvantages of dams

A
  • high cost (debt financing)
  • mass displacement
  • siltation over time
43
Q

X5 types of contrasting technology to secure water supplies in developing countries;

A
  • tube wells / wells
  • dams
  • transfers
  • desalination
  • low-intermediate tech
  • although some less likely due to $$$
44
Q

X2 types of approaches to water security attainment

A
  • NGO (bottom up)

- top-down - government led initiatives

45
Q

X3 benefits of top-down government initiatives

A
  • often include the most people (maximum effectiveness)
  • have long-term goals in mind (although may be $$$ motivated)
  • may provide other benefits e.g HEP
46
Q

What did the World Economic Forum Rank water crises as? X2

A
  • most worrying global threat (in terms of danger)

- more likely to occur than the use of weapons of mass destruction

47
Q

What SDG look for availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all?

A

SDG 6

48
Q

What does SDG 6 include?

A

availability and sustainable management of water

via expanding international cooperation

49
Q

What is a suggestion by the World Economic Forum to do in relation to transboundary water resources? X3

A

hold regular summits to negotiate tradeoffs

develop an integrated strategy to combat climate change

jointly plan and manage infrastructure

50
Q

What measure is a measure of collaboration over water resources?

A

Water Cooperation Quotient

51
Q

According the the Water Cooperation Quotient how many river basins benefit from properly functioning collaborative management?

A

only 1/4

52
Q

What does the World Economic Forum call for in regards to the law over water?

A

a more robust global treaty to regulate emissions into bodies of water

53
Q

If the supply problem is solved, what will the next challenge of water security be about?

A

conflicts increasingly about water quality

54
Q

X3 threats to water quality

A
  • irrigation practices
  • industrialisation
  • urbanisation

Water Security (18 decks)

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